Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: Graphene has prophesied itself as a potentially promising greenhorn with unique electronic properties as discussed by the authors, which is mainly attributed to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, thermal properties besides very large specific surface area and the tenability that can be achieved for various properties through functionalization and/or moderation.
Abstract: Graphene has prophesied itself as a potentially promising greenhorn with unique electronic properties. Attention toward graphene-based material is mainly attributed to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, thermal properties besides very large specific surface area and the tenability that can be achieved for various properties through functionalization and/or moderation. Due to the various unique properties possessed by the graphene sheets including the ease of synthesis and provision for surface functionalization, graphene and materials derived from graphene have been exhibiting great potential in the field of energy storage. This chapter accounts for a brief introduction to the graphene material followed by a brief discussion on the recent advances in the field of its derivatives. This chapter also accounts for the application of graphene and graphene-derived materials in the field of energy storage specifically batteries in various forms like lithium-ion, sodium-ion, lithium-air, and lithium-sulfur batteries.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Na2FePO4F/C nanocomposite was synthesized via liquid route using polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) as grain size controller followed by solid-state reaction using glucose as carbon sources.
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TL;DR: In this article , a strategy to substitute the Fe3+ in NaNi0.5Mn0.25O2 with Al3+ is adopted to address the issue of poor cyclic stability and insufficient rate capability.
Abstract: O3-NaNi0.25Fe0.5Mn0.25O2 layered oxide is considered one of the most promising cathode candidates for sodium-ion batteries because of its advantages, such as its large capacity and low cost. However, the practical application of this material is limited by its poor cyclic stability and insufficient rate capability. Here, a strategy to substitute the Fe3+ in NaNi0.25Fe0.5Mn0.25O2 with Al3+ is adopted to address these issues. The substitution of Fe3+ with Al3+ enhances the framework stability and phase transition reversibility of the parent NaNi0.25Fe0.5Mn0.25O2 material by forming a stronger TM-O bond, which improves the cycling stability. Moreover, partial Al3+ substitution increases the interslab distance, providing a spacious path for Na+ diffusion and resulting in fast diffusion kinetics, which lead to improved rate capability. Consequently, the target NaNi0.25Fe0.5-xAlxMn0.25O2 sample with optimal x = 0.045 exhibits a remarkable electrochemical performance in a Na-ion cell with a large reversible capacity of 131.7 mA h g-1, a stable retention of approximately 81.6% after cycling at 1C for 100 cycles, and a rate performance of 81.3 mA h g-1 at 10C. This method might pave the way for novel means of improving the electrochemical properties of layered transitional-metal oxides and provide insightful guidance for the design of low-cost cathode materials.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a slope-dominated mechanism strategy has been designed by preparing hybrid nanostructure carbon materials (HNCs) using a CVD-like method, providing hard carbon with excellent rate performances and high average discharge potential as an anode for Na-ion batteries.
Abstract: Though high capacity and stable cycling of hard carbon anode Na-ion batteries have been achieved, critical safety issues, low discharge potential and unsatisfactory rate performance, present a huge challenge for their practical application. Herein, a slope-dominated mechanism strategy has been designed by preparing hybrid nanostructure carbon materials (HNCs) using a CVD-like method, providing hard carbon with excellent rate performances and high average discharge potential as an anode for Na-ion batteries. The HNCs integrate the advantages of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanosheets, presenting short ion/electron transfer distance and high surface area for abundant active sites. In addition, their microstructural properties including disorder degree and existing state of heteroatom sulfur, can be regulated via different synthetic temperatures providing effective nanovoids and bonding sites. Based on the reaction kinetics analysis, the Na-ion storage mechanism of HNCs can be determined as a capacitive-controlled process, which is essential for improving rate performances. This work demonstrates a novel method to develop a hybrid nanostructure hard carbon, and design of an electrochemical storage mechanism for high-performance and high-safety Na-ion batteries.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize microwave-irradiated reduced graphene oxide with an open structure for the facile intercalation/deintercalation of sodium cations.
8 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations