Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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02 Aug 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized recent advances relating to the rational design of carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous nanocomposites involving different inorganic and organic materials for SIB applications.
Abstract: The past decade has witnessed significant research interest in rechargeable Na-ion batteries (SIBs). Compared to Li-ion batteries (LIBs), SIBs promise to be much more cost-effective, thanks to the high abundance of sodium, and they are capable of providing energy densities close to LIBs when the cost is normalized. However, although promising, conventional SIB electrodes suffer from low capacities/poor rate capabilities due to slow Na+ diffusion kinetics and inferior cycle lives due to structural and phase instability. To mitigate these issues, much effort has been devoted towards designing composite electrodes, where the components can synergistically boost the capacities, rate capabilities, and cycling stabilities. While the rational design of electrodes has been able to overcome certain hurdles relating to SIB technology, summarizing coherent approaches for addressing issues in this field is important in order to direct the future sustainable and economic development of commercially viable high-performance electrodes. In this review, we have summarized recent advances relating to the rational design of carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous nanocomposites involving different inorganic and organic materials for SIB applications. Synthesis strategies, synergistic interactions, and electrochemical performance data are summarized. Existing issues are covered and potential solutions for designing better electrodes are also proposed.
8 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that yttrium (Y) is most likely to be an ideal doping element is validated and structural modulation is an effective strategy to reinforce electrochemical properties of layered oxides and provides some guidance about designing promising electrode materials.
Abstract: O3-NaNi0.33Mn0.33Fe0.33O2 layered oxide has attracted increasing attention as one of the most promising materials for Na-ion battery applications due to air stability and environmental friendliness, but the complex phase transitions and inferior cycling stability are extremely challenging to overcome. Cation substitution has been widely used to stabilize crystal structures and improve electrochemical performance for SIBs. Based on past experimental results, it was discovered that the transition metal–oxygen bond energy of the introduced dopant is an important factor for optimizing electrochemical performance. In this study, we validated our hypothesis that yttrium (Y)-which possesses high bond energy for oxygen-is most likely to be an ideal doping element by conducting a comparative study of substituting Mn in O3-NaNi0.33Mn0.33Fe0.33O2 layered oxide with aluminum (Al) and Y through elemental doping. As hypothesized, the electrochemical properties of NaNi0.33Mn0.33Fe0.33O2 have increased markedly by introducing a small amount of Y and Al, and the Y-doped materials showed superior rate performance and cycling stability due to enhanced Na+ diffusion reaction kinetics and layered structure stability. Furthermore, the substitution of Y for Mn can improve thermal stability and alleviate phase transformations. The improvement mechanism of Y substitution can be attributed to a larger d-spacing and stronger metal–oxygen bond. These results suggest that structural modulation is an effective strategy to reinforce electrochemical properties of layered oxides and provides some guidance about designing promising electrode materials.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, mixed manganese oxides Na x (M 0. 44 Mn 0. 56 )O 2 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) were proposed as improved potential cathode materials for SIBs based on first-principles calculations.
8 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the material and environmental implications of a hypothetical worldwide energy transition and the corresponding demand for stationary battery systems are discussed, as well as the potential of recycling technologies for mitigating those constraints.
Abstract: Stationary batteries are one of the key components of the energy transition(s). They are necessary for providing flexibility to the grid and ensuring a stable power supply. However, their production and disposal are also associated with significant environmental impacts. This chapter discusses the material and environmental implications of a hypothetical worldwide energy transition and the corresponding demand for stationary battery systems. It investigates the resource constraints caused by the demand for existing and emerging stationary batteries related to the goal of developing a global electricity system based on renewable energy by 2050, as well as the potential of recycling technologies for mitigating those constraints. It is shown that in the long run, recycling is an important factor for minimizing resource demand and that recyclability can be a decisive factor for success in the battery technology market. However, recycling alone may not be enough to avoid potential resource limitations. A combination of storage technologies (as well as other flexible options for grid applications) could, therefore, be beneficial, as could the use of emerging energy storage technologies based on more abundant materials like magnesium or sodium.
8 citations
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations