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Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an ecofriendly cobalt-free O3-Na[Ni1/3Mn 1/3Fe/3]O2 (NNMF) embedded on conductive polyaniline (PANI) backbones is synthesized as a hybrid cathode by a facile chemical polymerization technique.
Abstract: An ecofriendly cobalt-free O3-Na[Ni1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3]O2 (NNMF) embedded on conductive polyaniline (PANI) backbones is synthesized as a hybrid cathode by a facile chemical polymerization technique. As a cathode for rechargeable sodium ion batteries (RSIB), the NNMF with the 0.3 M PANI (NNMF-PANI3) hybrid electrode displays an enhanced energy density of 567 Wh kg–1 at a high operating voltage of 2–4.5 V along with excellent cyclic performance. In addition, the NNMF-PANI3 hybrid electrode exhibits ∼75% capacity retention after 750 cycles at 2 A g–1 current density within 2–4.5 V. Conversely, the pristine NNMF electrode without PANI fails to demonstrate adequate electrochemical performance even in a low cut-off voltage range (2–4.2 V). The superior electrochemical performance of the hybrid electrode is attributed to effective Na-ion transportation within the hybrid structure in which PANI keeps the NNMF particles interconnected uniformly and offers better conductive contact between the electrolyte and the active ...

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2021
TL;DR: In this article, triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([P1i444][FSI]) OIPC mixed with 20 mol% of NaFSI or NaTFSI were combined with an electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) support to create self-standing electrolyte membranes, and their thermal phase behaviour and ionic conductivity were investigated and compared with the bulk electrolytes.
Abstract: Sodium ion batteries are widely considered to be a feasible, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage alternative to Lithium, especially for large-scale energy storage applications. Next generation, safer electrolytes based on ionic liquid (IL) and organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) have been demonstrated as electrochemically stable systems which show superior performance in both Li and Na applications. In particular, phosphonium‐based systems outperform most studied nitrogen‐based ILs and OIPCs. In this study triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([P1i444][FSI]) OIPC mixed with 20 mol% of NaFSI or NaTFSI were combined with an electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) support to create self-standing electrolyte membranes, and their thermal phase behaviour and ionic conductivity were investigated and compared with the bulk electrolytes. The ability of the solid-state composite electrolytes to support the cycling of sodium metal with good efficiency and without breakdown were examined in sodium metal symmetrical coin cells. The sodium transference number was determined to be 0.21. The electrochemical performance of Na/Na3V2(PO4)3 cells incorporating the composite electrolytes, including good cycling stability and rate capability, is also reported. Interestingly, the mixed anion systems appear to outperform the composite electrolyte containing only FSI anions, which may relate to electrolyte interactions with the PVDF fibres.

6 citations


Cites background from "Sodium-ion batteries: present and f..."

  • ...These properties of NIBs make them an excellent candidate to supersede Li ion chemistries for many applications where the higher energy density provided by Lithium is not necessary [6, 7]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a water-in-ionogel (WIG) electrolyte with low salt concentration (2m NaTFSI) and high operational voltage (3.0 V) was proposed for low-temperature operation.
Abstract: An increasing demand for electric vehicles and flexible electronics focuses attention on developing a safe, high-energy, and sustainable battery that can work under severe conditions. Emerging high-voltage aqueous batteries based on highly concentrated salts and molecular crowding electrolytes are likely to be hampered by their poor low-temperature performance because of a high freezing point and salting out at low temperature. Inspired by the antifreezing ionogel electrolyte for transport measurements at subzero temperatures, we design a water-in-ionogel electrolyte with a low salt-concentration (2m NaTFSI) and high operational voltage (3.0 V) by changing the hydrogen bonding and introducing fluoride additives for low-temperature operation. A full cell with a P2-type Na 2/3 Mn 2/3 Co 1/3 O 1.98 F 0.02 cathode and hard-carbon anode could deliver high energy densities of 109 and 23.4 Wh kg −1 at room temperature and −25°C. This eco-friendly aqueous polymeric battery could be free sealed and perform in water. This work opens an avenue for designing high-energy, free-sealed aqueous batteries for low-cost, sustainable energy storage, enabling subzero temperature operation. • F-containing water-in-ionogel electrolyte enables high-voltage, low-temperature operation • F doping endows Mn-based P2-type cathodes with enhanced hydrophilicity and rate performance • The fabricated aqueous polymeric sodium-ion battery enables subzero temperature operation • The free-sealed battery can work under severe condition with advantage in weight Rong et al. demonstrate that a water-in-ionogel (WIG) electrolyte with low salt concentration (2m NaTFSI) and high operational voltage (3.0 V) can rival the high voltage of typical “water-in-salt” and “molecular crowding” electrolytes. The WIG electrolyte, exhibiting superior antifreezing properties without salting out at low temperature and high stability against sodium metal, is a promising candidate for aqueous polymeric batteries.

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the phase diagram, thermodynamic properties, and electrochemical behavior of sodium-antimony alloys in molten and nonaqueous electrolytes are summarized and analyzed in connection with the prospects for using antimony and its alloys and compounds as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries and other chemical current sources containing sodium.
Abstract: Data on the phase diagram, thermodynamic properties, and electrochemical behavior of sodium-antimony alloys in molten and nonaqueous electrolytes are summarized and analyzed in connection with the prospects for using antimony and its alloys and compounds as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries and other chemical current sources containing sodium.

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the preparation and characterization of the first photocured gel polymer electrolyte for potassium batteries is presented, where the use of UV-induced radical polymerization aims at developing a sustainable and rapid way to produce polymer electrolytes without using further processes to separate solvents and by-products.

6 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
18 Nov 2011-Science
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

11,144 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 2006-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,848 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,578 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

3,776 citations