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Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Citations
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Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used quantum mechanics based metadynamics simulations to obtain the free energy landscape for sodium ion intercalation from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent into graphite.
Abstract: Na is known to deliver very low energy capacity for sodium intercalation compared to lithium. In this study, we use quantum mechanics based metadynamics simulations to obtain the free energy landscape for sodium ion intercalation from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent into graphite. We find that the lowest free energy minima from the metadynamics are associated with sodium solvated by 3 or 4 DMSO. The free energy minima of these states are activated by a free energy of solvation computed to be 0.17 eV (ΔG(Na^+@(DMSO)_4) – ΔG(Na^+@(DMSO)_3 ≈ 6.6k_BT), which in turn are the most thermodynamically stable. We observe weak interactions of sodium with graphite sheets during the unbiased and biased molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulation results suggest that solvent plays an important role in stabilizing the sodium intercalation into graphite through shielding of the sodium as well as from the interaction of the solvent with the graphite sheets. This suggests that the poor performance of Na is because the nonbonding and maybe partial covalent bonding of Na^+ to the DMSO is too strong compared to insertion into the graphite. This suggests that we consider solvents containing oxygen groups that might interact with Na that are more compatible with the bonding of Na in the graphite intercalation compound (GIC), but with negative charges (i.e., charge carrier nature) attached to these groups. To facilitate this intercalation, we propose solvents with negatively charged groups and aromatic cores (e.g., cyclic ethers) that could allow a greater rate of anion exchange to increase Na^+ mobility.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The computations reveal that the TB-I phase is the best choice among the four TB phases for a SIB anode material due to a relatively low volume change upon Na insertion, low electrode voltage under 1.0 V, and reasonably low activation barriers under 0.35 eV.
Abstract: Developing efficient anode materials with low electrode voltage, high specific capacity and superior rate capability is urgently required on the road to commercially viable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Aiming at finding a new SIB anode material, we investigate the electrochemical properties of NaxTiO2 compounds with unprecedented penta-oxygen-coordinated trigonal bipyramid (TB) structures by using the first-principles calculations. Identifying the four different TB phases, we perform the optimization of their crystal structures and calculate their energetics such as sodium binding energy, formation energy, electrode potential and activation energy for Na ion migration. The computations reveal that TB-I phase can be the best choice among the four TB phases for the SIB anode material due to relatively low volume change under 4% upon Na insertion, low electrode voltage under 1.0 V with a possibility of realizing the highest specific capacity of ~335 mAh/g from fully sodiation at x = 1, and reasonably low activation barriers under 0.35 eV at the Na content from x = 0.125 to x = 0.5. Through the analysis of electronic density of states and charge density difference upon sodiation, we find that the NaxTiO2 compounds in TB phases change from electron insulating to electron conducting material due to the electron transfer from Na atom to Ti ion, ordering the Ti 4+/Ti 3+ redox couple for SIB operation.

5 citations


Cites background from "Sodium-ion batteries: present and f..."

  • ...ries (SIBs) have attracted a great deal of attention as the most promising alternative to LIBs, due to their meeting the aforementioned requirements and the same “rocking-chair” operational mechanism [7, 8, 9]. Corresponding author Email address: cj.yu@ryongnamsan.edu.kp (Chol-Jun Yu) Sodium, however, has a larger ionic radius than Li, which makes it dicult to find suitable electrode materials that can be ...

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Journal ArticleDOI
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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential application of graphene nanotechnology in renewable energy systems currently being considered to replace non-renewable technologies is discussed and the challenges facing these technologies are discussed.
Abstract: This chapter introduces the potential application of graphene nanotechnology in renewable energy systems currently being considered to replace nonrenewable technologies. It starts by giving an introduction and why graphene and graphene-based materials are being considered for application in renewable energy technologies and which technologies are being focused on. It then looks in details at four renewable energy systems/technologies where graphene is finding application. These are battery technology, fuel cells, solar cells, and energy storage devices. For each technology, there is a brief introduction and there is a discussion on which challenges it is facing and how graphene can be used to counteract these challenges. There is a brief section that looks at other applications that are not classified under any of the given four areas. At the end of the chapter, there is a conclusion and challenges facing these technologies.

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
18 Nov 2011-Science
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

11,144 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 2006-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,848 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.

4,578 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.

3,776 citations