Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: Using density functional theory calculations, this article showed that LiCobalt pyrophosphate (LCPO) is a promising cathode material for solid-state batteries due to its intrinsic highvoltage characteristic.
Abstract: Lithium cobalt pyrophosphate (LCPO) is a promising cathode material for solid-state batteries due to its intrinsic high-voltage characteristic. Using density functional theory calculations, we reve...
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TL;DR: In this paper , a series of NASICON-type Na3+xMnTi1-xV x (PO4)3 cathode materials are designed, which demonstrate not only a multi-electron reaction but also high voltage platform.
Abstract: Na superionic conductor (NASICON) structured cathode materials with robust structural stability and large Na+ diffusion channels have aroused great interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, most of NASICON-type cathode materials exhibit redox reactions of no more than three electrons per formula, which strictly limits capacity and energy density. Herein, a series of NASICON-type Na3+xMnTi1-xV x (PO4)3 cathode materials are designed, which demonstrate not only a multi-electron reaction but also high voltage platform. With five redox couples from V5+/4+ (~4.1 V), Mn4+/3+ (~4.0 V), Mn3+/2+ (~3.6 V), V4+/3+ (3.4 V), and Ti4+/3+ (~2.1 V), the optimized material, Na3.2MnTi0.8V0.2(PO4)3, realizes a reversible 3.2-electron redox reaction, enabling a high discharge capacity (172.5 mAh g-1) and an ultrahigh energy density (527.2 Wh kg-1). This work sheds light on the rational construction of NASICON-type cathode materials with multi-electron redox reactions for high-energy SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this article , robust intercalative In�S motifs are grafted to high-capacity layered Bi2S3 to form a cation-disordered (BiIn) 2S3, synergistically realizing high-rate and large-capacity sodium storage.
Abstract: Alloying‐type metal sulfides with high theoretical capacities are promising anodes for sodium‐ion batteries, but suffer from sluggish sodiation kinetics and huge volume expansion. Introducing intercalative motifs into alloying‐type metal sulfides is an efficient strategy to solve the above issues. Herein, robust intercalative InS motifs are grafted to high‐capacity layered Bi2S3 to form a cation‐disordered (BiIn)2S3, synergistically realizing high‐rate and large‐capacity sodium storage. The InS motif with strong bonding serves as a space‐confinement unit to buffer the volume expansion, maintaining superior structural stability. Moreover, the grafted high‐metallicity Indium increases the bonding covalency of BiS, realizing controllable reconstruction of BiS bond during cycling to effectively prevent the migration and aggregation of atomic Bi. The novel (BiIn)2S3 anode delivers a high capacity of 537 mAh g−1 at 0.4 C and a superior high‐rate stability of 247 mAh g−1 at 40 C over 10000 cycles. Further in situ and ex situ characterizations reveal the in‐depth reaction mechanism and the breakage and formation of reversible BiS bonds. The proposed space confinement and bonding covalency enhancement strategy via grafting intercalative motifs can be conducive to developing novel high‐rate and large‐capacity anodes.
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TL;DR: Honeycomb structured Na 2 Ni 2 TeO 6 can be used as a high voltage and stable cathode for Na-ion batteries where understanding the diffusion kinetics through electrochemical study plays a crucial role for the development of future energy storage devices as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Honeycomb structured Na 2 Ni 2 TeO 6 can be used as a high voltage and stable cathode for Na-ion batteries where understanding the diffusion kinetics through electrochemical study plays a crucial role for the development of future energy storage devices.
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References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations