Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss various cutting-edge strategies for understanding catalytic design such as Cu-based catalyst surface engineering, tuning Cu bandgap via alloying, nanocatalysis, and the effect of the electrolyte and pH on catalyst morphology.
Abstract: With the disruptive carbon cycle being blamed for global warming, the plausible electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to form valuable C2+ hydrocarbons and feedstock is becoming a hot topic. Cu-based electrocatalysts have been proven to be excellent CO2RR alternatives for high energy value-added products in this regard. However, the selectivity of CO2RR to form C2+ products via Cu-based catalysts suffers from a high overpotential, slow reaction kinetics, and low selectivity. This review attempts to discuss various cutting-edge strategies for understanding catalytic design such as Cu-based catalyst surface engineering, tuning Cu bandgap via alloying, nanocatalysis, and the effect of the electrolyte and pH on catalyst morphology. The most recent advances in in situ spectroscopy and computational techniques are summarized to fully comprehend reaction mechanisms, structural transformation/degradation mechanisms, and crystal facet loss with subsequent effects on catalyst activity. Furthermore, approaches for tuning Cu interactions are discussed from four key perspectives: single-atom catalysts, interfacial engineering, metal-organic frameworks, and polymer-incorporated materials, which provide new insights into the selectivity of C2+ products. Finally, major challenges are outlined, and potential prospects for the rational design of catalysts for robust CO2RR are proposed. The integration of catalytic design with mechanistic understanding is a step forward in the promising advancement of CO2RR technology for industrial applications.
71 citations
04 Sep 2019
TL;DR: In this article, a hybrid material of ultra-small Sb nanoparticles encapsulated in unique N-doped carbon nanonecklace (Sb/N-CNN) has been synthesized for the first time via electrospinning and in situ substitution.
Abstract: Summary The sodium-ion battery has shown great potential to replace the lithium-ion battery, especially for large-scale energy-storage systems. In this work, a hybrid material of ultra-small Sb nanoparticles encapsulated in unique N-doped carbon nanonecklace (Sb/N-CNN) has been synthesized for the first time via electrospinning and in situ substitution. As an anode material in sodium-ion batteries, the as-fabricated Sb/N-CNN exhibits superior rate property (314 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1) and cycling stability (401 mAh g−1 after 6,000 cycles at 1 A g−1), outperforming other Sb-based materials. Such excellent performances originate from the ingenious necklace-like structure of Sb/N-CNN, which supplies efficient electrolyte diffusion paths and more active sites for Na+ insertion/extraction, disperses the stress caused by the large volume change of Sb nanoparticles during the cycling process, and also reduces the electrode resistance. This study provides a facile strategy for construction of a well-designed structure for advanced energy-storage technologies.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple one-step solvothermal method was used to synthesize the CuCo2S4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites.
71 citations
TL;DR: The nitridophosphate family will provide insights for the development of high-energy sodium batteries, with breakthroughs on wide-voltage-window solid-solid electrolytes expected in the near future.
Abstract: Titanium-based polyanions have been intensively investigated for sodium-ion batteries owing to their superior structural stability and thermal safety. However, their low working potential hindered further applications. Now, a cation and anion dual doping strategy is used to boost the redox potential of Ti-based cathodes of NaTiV(PO)N as a new cathode material for sodium ion batteries. Both the Ti/Ti and V/V redox couples are reversibly accessed, leading to two distinctive voltage platforms at ca. 3.3 V and ca. 3.8 V, respectively. The remarkably improved cycling stability (86.3 %, 3000 cycles) can be ascribed to the near-zero volume strain in this unusual cubic symmetry, which has been demonstrated by in situ synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction. First-principles calculations reveal its well-interconnected 3D Na diffusion pathways with low energy barriers, and the two-sodium-extracted intermediate NaTiV(PO)N is also a stable phase according to formation energy calculations.
71 citations
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations