Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a mesoporous S/N-doped carbon nanofibers was used to construct a high capacity and high-rate capability in a Na-ion battery.
Abstract: Low-cost Na-ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising alternative to Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage systems due to the abundant sodium resources and eco-friendliness. The volumetric changes of sodium anodes during the sodiation/desodiation processes, however, reduce the cycling life of Na-ion batteries. In order to solve the problem, we have used the electrospinning method to successfully fabricate mesoporous S/N-doped carbon nanofibers (S/N-C), which show a high capacity and high-rate capability in a Na-ion battery. The S/N-C nanofibers delivered a high reversible capacity of 552.5 and 355.3 mA h g−1 at 0.1 and 5 A g−1, respectively, because of the high S-doping (27.95%) in the carbon nanofibers. The introduction of N and S in S/N-C nanofibers increases the active sites for Na+ storage and reduces the energy required for Na+ transfer, as confirmed by in situ Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, the mesoporous S/N nanofibers are wetted by liquid electrolyte, which facilitates the Na+ transport and increases the rate performance, thus making them a suitable anode material for SIBs and other electrochemical energy storage devices.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of using selenium as a eutectic accelerator in sulfurized polyacrylonitrile was demonstrated and the Se0.08S0.92@pPAN cathode exhibits superior rate and cycle performance as well as compatibility with both ether and carbonate electrolytes.
Abstract: Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile is a suitable cathode candidate for room temperature sodium–sulfur batteries. However, its limited reactivity results in low utilization of active materials, limited rate capability and poor cycling performance especially in ether electrolyte. Here, we demonstrate the effect of using selenium as a eutectic accelerator in sulfurized polyacrylonitrile in which a small amount of selenium is easily distributed at the molecular level and leads to significant improvement of reaction kinetics. As a result, the designed Se0.08S0.92@pPAN cathode exhibits superior rate and cycle performance as well as compatibility with both ether and carbonate electrolytes, delivers capacities of 1214 and 767 mA h g−1 at 0.1 and 3 A g−1 respectively, and maintains a good specific capacity of 770 mA h g−1 at 0.4 A g−1 over 500 cycles (0.045% decay per cycle) in carbonate electrolyte with nearly 100% coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, self-discharge tests reveal diminished soluble sodium polysulfides owing to the fast redox conversion enabled by Se-doping.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a nanocomposite architecture based on CoSe2 nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon matrix with conformal TiO2 coating (CoSe2@NC@TiO2) was developed by using a metal-organic framework-assisted strategy.
68 citations
24 May 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a rechargeable sodium-based battery for large-scale energy storage systems, because of the abundant resource and low cost of sodium, and the widely used nonaqueous liq...
Abstract: Rechargeable sodium-based batteries are receiving increasing attention as large-scale energy storage systems, because of the abundant resource and low cost of sodium. The widely used nonaqueous liq...
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors provide a comprehensive overview on the structural features and fabrication techniques of freestanding metal-organic frameworks (MOF-based/derived electrodes) for electrochemical energy storage and conversion.
Abstract: Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as ideal electrode materials and precursors for electrochemical energy storage and conversion (EESC) owing to their large specific surface areas, highly tunable porosities, abundant active sites, and diversified choices of metal nodes and organic linkers. Both MOF-based and MOF-derived materials in powder form have been widely investigated in relation to their synthesis methods, structure and morphology controls, and performance advantages in targeted applications. However, to engage them for energy applications, both binders and additives would be required to form postprocessed electrodes, fundamentally eliminating some of the active sites and thus degrading the superior effects of the MOF-based/derived materials. The advancement of freestanding electrodes provides a new promising platform for MOF-based/derived materials in EESC thanks to their apparent merits, including fast electron/charge transmission and seamless contact between active materials and current collectors. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of freestanding structures and MOF-based/derived materials, outstanding electrochemical performance in EESC can be achieved, stimulating the increasing enthusiasm in recent years. This review provides a timely and comprehensive overview on the structural features and fabrication techniques of freestanding MOF-based/derived electrodes. Then, the latest advances in freestanding MOF-based/derived electrodes are summarized from electrochemical energy storage devices to electrocatalysis. Finally, insights into the currently faced challenges and further perspectives on these feasible solutions of freestanding MOF-based/derived electrodes for EESC are discussed, aiming at providing a new set of guidance to promote their further development in scale-up production and commercial applications.
67 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations