Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: WSe2-based anode material in PIBs delivers a high capacity and superior cycling lifespan as well as excellent rate properties, and the mechanism of the repeated process of sodiation/desodiation is revealed, by the deep characterization.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, phase-pure Na2FePO4F using the polyol route, a low-temperature process that allows for the synthesis of nanoparticles (15-25 nm), a form that enhances Na-ion insertion kinetics and cycling stability.
Abstract: Metal phosphate compounds are considered promising candidates as positive electrode materials for Na-ion batteries because they offer higher cation-insertion potentials than analogous metal oxides. One such example is sodium iron fluorophosphate (Na2FePO4F), a compound that is typically synthesized by high-temperature solid-state routes. In this study, we prepare phase-pure Na2FePO4F using the polyol route, a low-temperature process that allows for the synthesis of nanoparticles (15–25 nm), a form that enhances Na-ion insertion kinetics and cycling stability. We then apply two methods to enhance the electronic conductivity of Na2FePO4F: (i) converting residual organic byproducts of the polyol synthesis to conductive carbon coatings; and (ii) preparing a nanocomposite with reduced graphene oxide. The resulting electrode materials are characterized in nonaqueous Na-ion electrolytes, assessing such metrics as specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability. A thorough electrochemical kinetics analysis is performed to deconvolve surface-vs.-bulk Na-ion insertion as a function of composite structure. Specific capacities between 60–110 mA h g−1 were achieved in galvanostatic charge–discharge tests when cycling in the range from 10C to C/10, respectively.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a low-dimensional hybrid perovskites can be used as anode material for alkali-ion batteries, achieving a high reversible capacity of 646 mAh g−1 at 100 mAg−1 with good stability up to 250 cycles for the benzidine mediated lead iodide based 1D system.
Abstract: State-of-the-art Li (or Na) ion batteries work by insertion/extraction of the alkali metal ions into a porous electrode material, where the overall capacity is strongly dependent on the accessibility of the host material interior to the ions. On the other hand, the performance stability depends on various factors governed by the specific constitution of the electrode. Here we show that molecularly engineered low-dimensional hybrid perovskites can work as excellent anode materials for alkali-ion batteries. We measure a high reversible capacity of 646 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 with good stability tested up to 250 cycles for the benzidine mediated lead iodide based 1D system. An ex situ analysis of the electrodes reveals that the storage primarily occurs via the Lix(or Nax)Pb alloying/de-alloying process. We anticipate that these results open a new direction for the use of low-dimensional hybrid perovskites for energy storage applications.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a composite electrode was synthesized through growing V2O5 nanosheet array on free-standing hard carbon fiber fabric by solvothermal reaction, which showed a specific capacity from 241.5 mAh to 77 mAh.
Abstract: Hard carbon with high special capacity has been widely studied as anode for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Its storage sodium performance still needs to be further improved. Herein, a composite electrode was synthesized through growing V2O5 nanosheet array on free-standing hard carbon fiber fabric by solvothermal reaction. The electrochemical properties of the composite electrode were significantly enhanced compared with pure hard carbon fiber electrode. The composite showed a specific capacity from 241 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 to 77 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 and a good cycling ability of 184 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1. Except good storage Na ability for V2O5 nannosheets, the improvement of electrochemical performances also benefited from and the synergistic effect from the ability of fast electron transfer of hard carbon and the toleration for Na+ insertion of V2O5 nanosheet array, as well as the inhibitory effect on solid electrolyte interface (SEI) of nanostructure. Additionally, the free-standing electrodes could also increase the energy and power density. This will push the promising hard carbon material used as SIBs anode in practical applications.
60 citations
TL;DR: This study is significant for the comprehensive understanding of the controversial sodium storage mechanisms and unclear special behaviors occurring in anatase TiO2, thus greatly contributing to better guidance on the computational studies and experiment technologies for further performance promotion.
Abstract: To understand the slow capacity activation behavior of anatase TiO2 as a sodium-ion battery anode during cycling, a nanoporous configuration was designed and prepared. On the basis of the comprehension of the Na-ion storage mechanism, the behavior is demonstrated to be related with the gradual formation of amorphous phase resulting from the phase transition during discharge. In addition, the level of phase transition is determined by the discharge rates and cycle numbers, which strongly affects the electrochemical performance of anatase TiO2. Via a quick formation process of the amorphous phase in the initial cycles, the capacity activation is accelerated, and high initial capacity is achieved with no fading after 500 cycles. Particularly, anatase TiO2 displays surprisingly unique properties in the fast charge (even at 20 C, 6.7 A g-1) mode, delivering a 179 mA h g-1 charge capacity. This study is significant for the comprehensive understanding of the controversial sodium storage mechanisms and unclear special behaviors occurring in anatase TiO2, thus greatly contributing to better guidance on the computational studies and experiment technologies for further performance promotion.
59 citations
References
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TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface is shown to reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers, and all-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,848 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers.
Abstract: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
4,578 citations
4,311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations