scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current advances, existing limitations, along with the possible solutions in the pursuit of cathode materials with high voltage, fast kinetics, and long cycling stability are comprehensively covered and evaluated to guide the future design of aqueous ZIBs with a combination of high gravimetric energy density, good reversibility, and a long cycle life.
Abstract: Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are truly promising contenders for the future large-scale electrical energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, intri...

726 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the use of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells and showed that hydrogen can play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage.
Abstract: Pumped-Storage of Water: It is the most efficient; it is developed in very large scale capacity storage facilities which require specific sites; nevertheless, in the future due to its long lifetime it will play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage. Electrochemical Energy Storage in Batteries: It is now used locally in some places that are not connected to the electricity network and on the smart grids for frequency regulation or small peak production shifts. Examples include sodium sulfur batteries (NaS) which are used in Japan; redox flow batteries under development, and some large scale lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) that are used in specific places. Storage via Hydrogen: The development of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells is considered and seems very interesting from the pollution point of view at the local scale. From the technical point of view, most of the problems are almost solved. Nevertheless, hydrogen has to be produced and stored; and in this case, the yield is quite low, similar to that of the internal combustion engine. Electricity storage via hydrogen requires water electrolysis, H2 gas storage, and electricity production in fuel cells, all of which leads to a low efficiency and therefore, significant energy loss during electricity storage.

719 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review comprehensively covering the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry.
Abstract: Li-ion batteries (LIBs), commercialized in 1991, have the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely utilized in electronics, electric vehicles, and even stationary energy storage systems. Along with the expansion of their demand and application, concern about the resources of Li and Co is growing. Therefore, secondary batteries composed of earth-abundant elements are desired to complement LIBs. In recent years, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant attention as potential alternatives to LIBs. Previous studies have developed positive and negative electrode materials for KIBs and demonstrated several unique advantages of KIBs over LIBs and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Thus, besides being free from any scarce/toxic elements, the low standard electrode potentials of K/K+ electrodes lead to high operation voltages competitive to those observed in LIBs. Moreover, K+ ions exhibit faster ionic diffusion in electrolytes due to weaker interaction with solvents and anions than that of Li+ ions; this is essential to realize high-power KIBs. This review comprehensively covers the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues. The review also includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry as well as perspectives on the research-based development of KIBs compared to those of LIBs and NIBs.

651 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable zinc-ion battery research are presented, as well as recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance.
Abstract: The zinc-ion battery (ZIB) is a 2 century-old technology but has recently attracted renewed interest owing to the possibility of switching from primary to rechargeable ZIBs. Nowadays, ZIBs employing a mild aqueous electrolyte are considered one of the most promising candidates for emerging energy storage systems (ESS) and portable electronics applications due to their environmental friendliness, safety, low cost, and acceptable energy density. However, there are many drawbacks associated with these batteries that have not yet been resolved. In this Review, we present the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable ZIB research. Recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance are comprehensively discussed.

612 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the fabrication of a versatile long-life, high-rate anode material for Li/Na storage by strongly binding ultrafine Fe3O4 quantum dots onto hybrid carbon nanosheets.
Abstract: One promising and economic step towards technological advancements in Na-ion and Li-ion batteries is to develop versatile electrode materials for alkali-metal storage. Transitional-metal oxides are appealing candidates, owing to their intrinsically low cost, high capacity, and enhanced safety. However, they generally show poor activity and a short lifespan in practical use. Herein, we report the fabrication of a versatile long-life, high-rate anode material for Li/Na storage by strongly binding ultrafine Fe3O4 quantum dots onto hybrid carbon nanosheets. Such nanocomposites are advantageous for inhibiting particle aggregation, reducing ionic diffusion pathways, and enabling fast accessibility to electrolyte ions across large electrode–electrolyte interfaces. They exhibit a long lifetime of 1000 cycles, high capacities, and exceptional high rate capabilities towards alkali-metal storage, highlighting great promise in high-energy and high-power energy applications.

34 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the optimization of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanowire conversion electrodes by directly growing them on current collectors, preparing them as single crystals, and coating their surfaces with conductive carbon coatings.

34 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a disordering of Fe ions from 3b (0, 0, 1/2) to 6c(0,0, 3/8) sites was detected for initial charged samples through X-ray Rietveld analysis and Co and Fe K-edge Xray absorption near-edge structures and extended Xray fine structures spectra.
Abstract: To find the origin of a large initial irreversible capacity and capacity fading with cycling for Fe-substituted LiCoO 2 (LiCo 1-y Fe y O 2 ), the LiCo 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 2 positive electrode was selected for study by ex situ X-ray diffraction, Co and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption, and 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopies. A disordering of Fe ions from 3b(0, 0, 1/2) to 6c(0, 0, 3/8) sites was detected for initial charged samples through X-ray Rietveld analysis and Co and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structures and extended X-ray fine structures spectra. The valence state of Fe ions in the 6c site was determined to be a 3+/4+ mixed valence state from the isomer shift values obtained by 57 Fe Mossbauer spectra and mean M-O distance values. 50% of the iron ions become disordered after the initial charge process and more than 20% remain in 6c sites after the first and tenth discharge processes. The existence of Fe 3+δ (0 < δ < 1) ions on the interstitial 6c site can block fast Li conduction in the Li layer of the layered rock-salt structure (R3m). This leads to a lack of reversibility in Fe-substituted LiCoO 2 positive electrode materials.

32 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a P2-type Na 2/3−x Ca x CoO 2 was synthesized via a conventional solid-state reaction, and the substituted calcium ions occupied the sodium ion layer and eliminated the lattice mismatches of the two phases in Na 2 /3−X Ca x COO 2.

32 citations