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Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current advances, existing limitations, along with the possible solutions in the pursuit of cathode materials with high voltage, fast kinetics, and long cycling stability are comprehensively covered and evaluated to guide the future design of aqueous ZIBs with a combination of high gravimetric energy density, good reversibility, and a long cycle life.
Abstract: Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are truly promising contenders for the future large-scale electrical energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, intri...

726 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the use of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells and showed that hydrogen can play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage.
Abstract: Pumped-Storage of Water: It is the most efficient; it is developed in very large scale capacity storage facilities which require specific sites; nevertheless, in the future due to its long lifetime it will play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage. Electrochemical Energy Storage in Batteries: It is now used locally in some places that are not connected to the electricity network and on the smart grids for frequency regulation or small peak production shifts. Examples include sodium sulfur batteries (NaS) which are used in Japan; redox flow batteries under development, and some large scale lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) that are used in specific places. Storage via Hydrogen: The development of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells is considered and seems very interesting from the pollution point of view at the local scale. From the technical point of view, most of the problems are almost solved. Nevertheless, hydrogen has to be produced and stored; and in this case, the yield is quite low, similar to that of the internal combustion engine. Electricity storage via hydrogen requires water electrolysis, H2 gas storage, and electricity production in fuel cells, all of which leads to a low efficiency and therefore, significant energy loss during electricity storage.

719 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review comprehensively covering the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry.
Abstract: Li-ion batteries (LIBs), commercialized in 1991, have the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely utilized in electronics, electric vehicles, and even stationary energy storage systems. Along with the expansion of their demand and application, concern about the resources of Li and Co is growing. Therefore, secondary batteries composed of earth-abundant elements are desired to complement LIBs. In recent years, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant attention as potential alternatives to LIBs. Previous studies have developed positive and negative electrode materials for KIBs and demonstrated several unique advantages of KIBs over LIBs and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Thus, besides being free from any scarce/toxic elements, the low standard electrode potentials of K/K+ electrodes lead to high operation voltages competitive to those observed in LIBs. Moreover, K+ ions exhibit faster ionic diffusion in electrolytes due to weaker interaction with solvents and anions than that of Li+ ions; this is essential to realize high-power KIBs. This review comprehensively covers the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues. The review also includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry as well as perspectives on the research-based development of KIBs compared to those of LIBs and NIBs.

651 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable zinc-ion battery research are presented, as well as recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance.
Abstract: The zinc-ion battery (ZIB) is a 2 century-old technology but has recently attracted renewed interest owing to the possibility of switching from primary to rechargeable ZIBs. Nowadays, ZIBs employing a mild aqueous electrolyte are considered one of the most promising candidates for emerging energy storage systems (ESS) and portable electronics applications due to their environmental friendliness, safety, low cost, and acceptable energy density. However, there are many drawbacks associated with these batteries that have not yet been resolved. In this Review, we present the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable ZIB research. Recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance are comprehensively discussed.

612 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, a starch-derived hard carbon anode and a mixed layered oxide cathode with the overall composition of P2/P3/O2-Na0.76Mn0.3Fe0.1Mg0.5Ni0.
Abstract: This paper reports the development and characterization of high-performance sodium-ion cells based on a starch-derived hard carbon anode and a mixed layered oxide cathode with the overall composition of P2/P3/O2-Na0.76Mn0.5Ni0.3Fe0.1Mg0.1O2. At first, both materials are tested in sodium-metal half cells to demonstrate the cycling performance. On the basis of this electrochemical characterization, the systematic development of sodium-ion cells is shown. Special attention is drawn towards activation, balancing, voltage range, as well as charging procedure. Important parameters such as energy and voltage efficiency, the influence of the constant voltage step at the end of the charge, as well as the potential and voltage profiles are discussed in greater detail. The developed sodium-ion cells show high specific energies (200–240 W h per kg of cathode and anode active materials), high average discharge voltages (3.3 V), high energy efficiencies, and extraordinary long-term cycling stability (e.g. 80 % capacity retention after 700 cycles). This performance underlines the beneficial combination of hard carbon and layered oxides and demonstrates sodium-ion batteries to be a promising energy-storage technology.

25 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, stoichiometric P2-phase NaCo(0.5)Mn( 0.5)-O2 was prepared through the conventional solid-state reaction, and its structural and physical properties were studied in terms of XRD, XPS, and magnetic susceptibility.
Abstract: As a promising positive electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), layered sodium oxides have attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this work, stoichiometric P2-phase NaCo(0.5)Mn(0.5)O2 was prepared through the conventional solid-state reaction, and its structural and physical properties were studied in terms of XRD, XPS, and magnetic susceptibility. Furthermore, the P2-NaCo(0.5)Mn(0.5)O2 electrode delivered a discharge capacity of 124.3 mA h g(-1) and almost 100% initial coulombic efficiency over the potential window of 1.5-4.15 V. It also showed good cycle stability, with a reversible capacity and capacity retention reaching approximately 85 mA h g(-1) and 99%, respectively, at the 5 C rate after 100 cycles. Additionally, cyclic voltammetry and ex situ XRD were employed to explain the electrochemical behavior at the different electrochemical stages. Owing to the applicable performances, P2-NaCo(0.5)Mn(0.5)O2 can be considered as a potential positive electrode material for SIBs.

24 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed study of de-intercalation of Na from the compound NaxCoO2−δ using an electrochemical technique was performed and evidence for stable phases with Na contents near the fractions x ≃ 1 / 3, 1/2, 5/8, 2/3, and 3/4.

22 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The α-AgI-frozen composite with the composition of 82AgI · 13.5B 2 O 3 (in mol%) prepared by rapid quenching showed a typical morphology of dispersed-type composites; fine particles of αI were stabilized in a glass matrix at room temperature.

21 citations