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Journal ArticleDOI

Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current advances, existing limitations, along with the possible solutions in the pursuit of cathode materials with high voltage, fast kinetics, and long cycling stability are comprehensively covered and evaluated to guide the future design of aqueous ZIBs with a combination of high gravimetric energy density, good reversibility, and a long cycle life.
Abstract: Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are truly promising contenders for the future large-scale electrical energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, intri...

726 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the use of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells and showed that hydrogen can play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage.
Abstract: Pumped-Storage of Water: It is the most efficient; it is developed in very large scale capacity storage facilities which require specific sites; nevertheless, in the future due to its long lifetime it will play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage. Electrochemical Energy Storage in Batteries: It is now used locally in some places that are not connected to the electricity network and on the smart grids for frequency regulation or small peak production shifts. Examples include sodium sulfur batteries (NaS) which are used in Japan; redox flow batteries under development, and some large scale lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) that are used in specific places. Storage via Hydrogen: The development of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells is considered and seems very interesting from the pollution point of view at the local scale. From the technical point of view, most of the problems are almost solved. Nevertheless, hydrogen has to be produced and stored; and in this case, the yield is quite low, similar to that of the internal combustion engine. Electricity storage via hydrogen requires water electrolysis, H2 gas storage, and electricity production in fuel cells, all of which leads to a low efficiency and therefore, significant energy loss during electricity storage.

719 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review comprehensively covering the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry.
Abstract: Li-ion batteries (LIBs), commercialized in 1991, have the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely utilized in electronics, electric vehicles, and even stationary energy storage systems. Along with the expansion of their demand and application, concern about the resources of Li and Co is growing. Therefore, secondary batteries composed of earth-abundant elements are desired to complement LIBs. In recent years, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant attention as potential alternatives to LIBs. Previous studies have developed positive and negative electrode materials for KIBs and demonstrated several unique advantages of KIBs over LIBs and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Thus, besides being free from any scarce/toxic elements, the low standard electrode potentials of K/K+ electrodes lead to high operation voltages competitive to those observed in LIBs. Moreover, K+ ions exhibit faster ionic diffusion in electrolytes due to weaker interaction with solvents and anions than that of Li+ ions; this is essential to realize high-power KIBs. This review comprehensively covers the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues. The review also includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry as well as perspectives on the research-based development of KIBs compared to those of LIBs and NIBs.

651 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable zinc-ion battery research are presented, as well as recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance.
Abstract: The zinc-ion battery (ZIB) is a 2 century-old technology but has recently attracted renewed interest owing to the possibility of switching from primary to rechargeable ZIBs. Nowadays, ZIBs employing a mild aqueous electrolyte are considered one of the most promising candidates for emerging energy storage systems (ESS) and portable electronics applications due to their environmental friendliness, safety, low cost, and acceptable energy density. However, there are many drawbacks associated with these batteries that have not yet been resolved. In this Review, we present the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable ZIB research. Recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance are comprehensively discussed.

612 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive study of phosphorus-carbon nanocomposite anodes for both lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries is presented, where the composite electrodes are able to display high initial capacities of approximately 1700 and 1300 mA h g−1 in lithium and sodium half-cells, respectively, when the cells are tested within a larger potential windows of 2.0-0.67 V vs. Li/Li+ and Na/Na+.
Abstract: With the expected theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g−1, phosphorus is considered to be the highest capacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries and one of the most attractive anode materials for lithium-ion systems. This work presents a comprehensive study of phosphorus–carbon nanocomposite anodes for both lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. The composite electrodes are able to display high initial capacities of approximately 1700 and 1300 mA h g−1 in lithium and sodium half-cells, respectively, when the cells are tested within a larger potential windows of 2.0–0.01 V vs. Li/Li+ and Na/Na+. The level of demonstrated capacity is underpinned by the storage mechanism, based on the transformation of phosphorus to Li3P phase for lithium cells and an incomplete transformation to Na3P phase for sodium cells. The capacity deteriorates upon cycling, which is shown to originate from disintegration of electrodes and their delamination from current collectors by post-cycling ex situ electron microscopy. Stable cyclic performance at the level of ∼700 and ∼350–400 mA h g−1 can be achieved if the potential windows are restricted to 2.0–0.67 V vs. Li/Li+ for lithium and 2–0.33 vs. Na/Na+ for sodium half-cells. The results are critically discussed in light of existing literature reports.

222 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The high capacity and long-term stability at a high current ate demonstrate that the composite is a very promising candidate for use as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries.
Abstract: A hydrothermal method was developed to grow ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets, with an expanded spacing of the (002) planes, on carbon nanotubes. When used as a sodium-ion battery anode, the composite exhibited a specific capacity of 495.9 mAh g–1, and 84.8% of the initial capacity was retained after 80 cycles, even at a current density of 200 mA g–1. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the sodiation/desodiation mechanismis based on a conversion reaction. The high capacity and long-term stability at a high current ate demonstrate that the composite is a very promising candidate for use as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries.

221 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the electrochemical properties vs. Na of the layered Na x VO 2 phases having either octahedral or trigonal prismatic symmetries, which can reversibly insert 0.5 Na atom per unit formula leading to sustained reversible capacities of nearly 120 mAh/g.

220 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Improvements in the performances are attributed to a 3 orders of magnitude higher electronic conductivity of Ti(0.94)Nb( 0.06)O2 compared to that of TiO2, which offers the possibility of Nb-doped rutileTiO2 as a Na-ion battery anode as well as a Li-ion Battery anode.
Abstract: The electrochemical properties of the rutile-type TiO2 and Nb-doped TiO2 were investigated for the first time as Na-ion battery anodes. Ti1–xNbxO2 thick-film electrodes without a binder and a conductive additive were prepared using a sol–gel method followed by a gas-deposition method. The TiO2 electrode showed reversible reactions of Na insertion/extraction accompanied by expansion/contraction of the TiO2 lattice. Among the Ti1–xNbxO2 electrodes with x = 0–0.18, the Ti0.94Nb0.06O2 electrode exhibited the best cycling performance, with a reversible capacity of 160 mA h g–1 at the 50th cycle. As the Li-ion battery anode, this electrode also attained an excellent rate capability, with a capacity of 120 mA h g–1 even at the high current density of 16.75 A g–1 (50C). The improvements in the performances are attributed to a 3 orders of magnitude higher electronic conductivity of Ti0.94Nb0.06O2 compared to that of TiO2. This offers the possibility of Nb-doped rutile TiO2 as a Na-ion battery anode as well as a Li...

220 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a novel all solid-state sodium-ion symmetrical battery with Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NASICON) as a solid electrolyte and Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) as the active electrode material was examined.

220 citations