Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: The current advances, existing limitations, along with the possible solutions in the pursuit of cathode materials with high voltage, fast kinetics, and long cycling stability are comprehensively covered and evaluated to guide the future design of aqueous ZIBs with a combination of high gravimetric energy density, good reversibility, and a long cycle life.
Abstract: Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are truly promising contenders for the future large-scale electrical energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, intri...
726 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the use of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells and showed that hydrogen can play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage.
Abstract: Pumped-Storage of Water: It is the most efficient; it is developed in very large scale capacity storage facilities which require specific sites; nevertheless, in the future due to its long lifetime it will play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage. Electrochemical Energy Storage in Batteries: It is now used locally in some places that are not connected to the electricity network and on the smart grids for frequency regulation or small peak production shifts. Examples include sodium sulfur batteries (NaS) which are used in Japan; redox flow batteries under development, and some large scale lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) that are used in specific places. Storage via Hydrogen: The development of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells is considered and seems very interesting from the pollution point of view at the local scale. From the technical point of view, most of the problems are almost solved. Nevertheless, hydrogen has to be produced and stored; and in this case, the yield is quite low, similar to that of the internal combustion engine. Electricity storage via hydrogen requires water electrolysis, H2 gas storage, and electricity production in fuel cells, all of which leads to a low efficiency and therefore, significant energy loss during electricity storage.
719 citations
TL;DR: This review comprehensively covering the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry.
Abstract: Li-ion batteries (LIBs), commercialized in 1991, have the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely utilized in electronics, electric vehicles, and even stationary energy storage systems. Along with the expansion of their demand and application, concern about the resources of Li and Co is growing. Therefore, secondary batteries composed of earth-abundant elements are desired to complement LIBs. In recent years, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant attention as potential alternatives to LIBs. Previous studies have developed positive and negative electrode materials for KIBs and demonstrated several unique advantages of KIBs over LIBs and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Thus, besides being free from any scarce/toxic elements, the low standard electrode potentials of K/K+ electrodes lead to high operation voltages competitive to those observed in LIBs. Moreover, K+ ions exhibit faster ionic diffusion in electrolytes due to weaker interaction with solvents and anions than that of Li+ ions; this is essential to realize high-power KIBs. This review comprehensively covers the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues. The review also includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry as well as perspectives on the research-based development of KIBs compared to those of LIBs and NIBs.
651 citations
01 Mar 2019
619 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable zinc-ion battery research are presented, as well as recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance.
Abstract: The zinc-ion battery (ZIB) is a 2 century-old technology but has recently attracted renewed interest owing to the possibility of switching from primary to rechargeable ZIBs. Nowadays, ZIBs employing a mild aqueous electrolyte are considered one of the most promising candidates for emerging energy storage systems (ESS) and portable electronics applications due to their environmental friendliness, safety, low cost, and acceptable energy density. However, there are many drawbacks associated with these batteries that have not yet been resolved. In this Review, we present the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable ZIB research. Recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance are comprehensively discussed.
612 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, NiP3-based electrodes are evaluated as negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries (LiB) and NaB, and the study of the reaction mechanism reveals the formation of a phase of composition close to Li3P and Na3P embedding Ni nanoparticles as the final reaction product after a full discharge.
Abstract: Due to the abundance and low cost of sodium-containing precursors ambient temperature sodium ion batteries are promising for large scale grid storage. The low melting point of Na (97.7 °C) compared to 180.6 °C for Li represents a significant safety hazard for the use of Na metal anodes at ambient temperatures, which emphasizes the need for scientists and engineers to identify, design and develop new negative electrodes for Na-ion batteries. The identification of a suitable negative electrode is a crucial challenge for any further successful development of new cells, and to date efficient and competitive negative electrodes for NaB are still very rare. In this work we demonstrate that NiP3 could be a good challenger for this purpose. NiP3 based electrodes are evaluated as negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries (LiB) and Na-ion batteries (NaB). The study of the reaction mechanism reveals the formation of a phase of composition close to Li3P and Na3P embedding Ni nanoparticles as the final reaction product after a full discharge. While the direct conversion of NiP3 into Na3P is identified for the reaction versus Na, it is still unclear whether an amorphous phase exists during the first discharge for the reaction versus Li before the conversion. Furthermore, thanks to the carboxymethyl cellulose/carbon black (CMC/CB) electrode formulation, the NiP3 electrode possesses a very promising capacity with a reversible storage capacity higher than 1000 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles for LiB and 900 mA h g−1 after 15 cycles for NaB, which represents one of the highest capacities ever sustained in Na-ion batteries.
189 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical properties of materials derived from NaTi3O6(OH)·2H2O have been investigated for the first time, and it was found that this material can reversibly intercalate both lithium and sodium.
Abstract: The electrochemical properties of materials derived from NaTi3O6(OH)·2H2O have been investigated for the first time. The parent compound has a corrugated layered structure consisting of {Ti6O14}4− units with hydrated sodium cations and protons in the interlayer spaces. Upon heating to 600 °C, water is removed irreversibly, the interlayer distances become smaller, and connecting bonds between the octahedral layers form. It was found that this material can reversibly intercalate both lithium and sodium. The initial specific discharge capacities, as measured in half-cells, varied with the state of hydration and the nature of the counter electrode (Na or Li). The electrochemical potential showed a non-linear sloping dependence with degree of intercalation, indicative of a solid-solution mechanism of intercalation. The process was centered at a low average potential of about 0.3 V vs. Na or Li, the lowest ever reported for titanate-based Li hosts. The higher density and potential for higher rate capability of this compound, in comparison to carbonaceous materials with similar voltage and reversible capacities, make a compelling case for its development as an anode material, for both lithium and sodium ion batteries.
188 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a facile one-step spraying synthesis of MoS2/C microspheres and their enhanced electrochemical performance as anode of sodium-ion batteries is reported.
Abstract: A facile one-step spraying synthesis of MoS2/C microspheres and their enhanced electrochemical performance as anode of sodium-ion batteries is reported. An aerosol spraying pyrolysis without any template is employed to synthesize MoS2/C microspheres, in which ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets (≈2 nm) with enlarged interlayers (≈0.64 nm) are homogeneously embedded in mesoporous carbon microspheres. The as-synthesized mesoporous MoS2/C microspheres with 31 wt% carbon have been applied as an anode material for sodium ion batteries, demonstrating long cycling stability (390 mAh g−1 after 2500 cycles at 1.0 A g−1) and high rate capability (312 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1 and 244 mAh g−1 at 20.0 A g−1). The superior electrochemical performance is due to the uniform distribution of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets in mesoporous carbon frameworks. This kind of structure not only effectively improves the electronic and ionic transport through MoS2/C microspheres, but also minimizes the influence of pulverization and aggregation of MoS2 nanosheets during repeated sodiation and desodiation.
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a self-healing SnP 3 /C anode for SIBs was proposed, which achieved a capacity of 810 mA h g −1 over 150 cycles without noticeable capacity decay, even at 2560 mA g − 1 current density.
Abstract: DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201500174 The continuous pulverization of alloy anodes during repeated sodiation/desodiation cycles is the major reason for the faster capacity decay. However, if these elements can form a compound (such as Sn 4 P 3 ) after each Na extraction, the pulverization of these elements can be partially repaired and the accumulation of pulverization can be terminated. Therefore, we can use the reversible conversion reaction (Sn 4 P 3 + 9Na ↔ 3Na 3 P + 4Sn) to terminate the continuous pulverization and aggregation of Sn in alloy reaction (4Sn + 15Na ↔ Na 15 Sn 4 ) in the sodiation/desodiation cycles. Therefore, the pulverization of Sn and P during alloy process can be partially self-healed (recovered) by the conversion reaction process. The drastic enhancement in cycle stability of Sn 4 P 3 /C composites compared to individual Sn and P anodes has been reported, [ 6,22 ] where the reversible conversion reaction of Sn 4 P 3 during sodiation/desodiation has been identifi ed. [ 6 ] The reversible conversion reaction can only self-heal the pulverization and aggregation induced in followed alloy reaction by recombining the cracked Sn and P back to P–Sn compounds in each cycle to avoid the crack propagation and Sn and P aggregation, thus improving the cycle stability of alloy reaction anodes to the cycling life of conversion reaction anodes with much high capacity. Since P has much higher capacity (2596 mA h g −1 ) than Sn (847 mA h g −1 ), SnP 3 exhibits much higher theoretical mass capacity (1616 mA h g −1 ) than reported Sn 4 P 3 (1133 mA h g −1 ), the highest volumetric capacity of 6890 mA g cm −3 among the reported anode materials for SIBs ( Figure 1 and Table S1, Supporting Information). Due to the self-healing mechanism through conversion reaction, SnP 3 should also have much better cycling stability than P and Sn anodes. Herein, for the fi rst time, we reported a novel self-healing SnP 3 anode for the SIBs. The SnP 3 /C composites synthesized by simple ball milling deliver a high capacity of 810 mA h g −1 at current density of 150 mA g −1 over 150 cycles without noticeable capacity decay, and retain a high capacity of ≈400 mA h g −1 even at 2560 mA g −1 current density. The SnP 3 shows comparable cycling stability to and higher capacity than reported Sn 4 P 3 (460–718 mA h g −1 ) at the similar current (100 mA g −1 ) [ 6,22,23 ]
186 citations
TL;DR: Electrode performance and reaction mechanisms of the iron- and manganese-based electrode materials in Na cells are described and the similarities and differences with lithium counterparts are also discussed.
185 citations