Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: The current advances, existing limitations, along with the possible solutions in the pursuit of cathode materials with high voltage, fast kinetics, and long cycling stability are comprehensively covered and evaluated to guide the future design of aqueous ZIBs with a combination of high gravimetric energy density, good reversibility, and a long cycle life.
Abstract: Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are truly promising contenders for the future large-scale electrical energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, intri...
726 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the use of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells and showed that hydrogen can play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage.
Abstract: Pumped-Storage of Water: It is the most efficient; it is developed in very large scale capacity storage facilities which require specific sites; nevertheless, in the future due to its long lifetime it will play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage. Electrochemical Energy Storage in Batteries: It is now used locally in some places that are not connected to the electricity network and on the smart grids for frequency regulation or small peak production shifts. Examples include sodium sulfur batteries (NaS) which are used in Japan; redox flow batteries under development, and some large scale lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) that are used in specific places. Storage via Hydrogen: The development of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells is considered and seems very interesting from the pollution point of view at the local scale. From the technical point of view, most of the problems are almost solved. Nevertheless, hydrogen has to be produced and stored; and in this case, the yield is quite low, similar to that of the internal combustion engine. Electricity storage via hydrogen requires water electrolysis, H2 gas storage, and electricity production in fuel cells, all of which leads to a low efficiency and therefore, significant energy loss during electricity storage.
719 citations
TL;DR: This review comprehensively covering the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry.
Abstract: Li-ion batteries (LIBs), commercialized in 1991, have the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely utilized in electronics, electric vehicles, and even stationary energy storage systems. Along with the expansion of their demand and application, concern about the resources of Li and Co is growing. Therefore, secondary batteries composed of earth-abundant elements are desired to complement LIBs. In recent years, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant attention as potential alternatives to LIBs. Previous studies have developed positive and negative electrode materials for KIBs and demonstrated several unique advantages of KIBs over LIBs and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Thus, besides being free from any scarce/toxic elements, the low standard electrode potentials of K/K+ electrodes lead to high operation voltages competitive to those observed in LIBs. Moreover, K+ ions exhibit faster ionic diffusion in electrolytes due to weaker interaction with solvents and anions than that of Li+ ions; this is essential to realize high-power KIBs. This review comprehensively covers the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues. The review also includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry as well as perspectives on the research-based development of KIBs compared to those of LIBs and NIBs.
651 citations
01 Mar 2019
619 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable zinc-ion battery research are presented, as well as recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance.
Abstract: The zinc-ion battery (ZIB) is a 2 century-old technology but has recently attracted renewed interest owing to the possibility of switching from primary to rechargeable ZIBs. Nowadays, ZIBs employing a mild aqueous electrolyte are considered one of the most promising candidates for emerging energy storage systems (ESS) and portable electronics applications due to their environmental friendliness, safety, low cost, and acceptable energy density. However, there are many drawbacks associated with these batteries that have not yet been resolved. In this Review, we present the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable ZIB research. Recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance are comprehensively discussed.
612 citations
References
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TL;DR: Graphene-containing nanomaterials have emerged as important candidates for electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their unique physical properties as discussed by the authors, and the current state-of-the-art and most recent advances in the area of graphenecontaining nanocomposite electrode materials are summarized.
Abstract: Graphene-containing nanomaterials have emerged as important candidates for electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their unique physical properties. In this review, a brief introduction to recent developments in graphene-containing nanocomposite electrodes and their derivatives is provided. Subsequently, synthetic routes to nanoparticle/graphene composites and their electrochemical performance in LIBs are highlighted, and the current state-of-the-art and most recent advances in the area of graphene-containing nanocomposite electrode materials are summarized. The limitations of graphene-containing materials for energy storage applications are also discussed, with an emphasis on anode and cathode materials. Potential research directions for the future development of graphene-containing nanocomposites are also presented, with an emphasis placed on practicality and scale-up considerations for taking such materials from benchtop curiosities to commercial products.
181 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical properties of submicron-sized particles of NaFePO 4 have been studied and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, EIS and Raman experiments.
180 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-step solid-state synthesis of Na 3 M 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 [M = Ti, Fe, V] was presented, and its electrochemical properties as cathode active materials of sodium-ion batteries were investigated.
179 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a facile soaking-chemical vapour deposition method was used to grow core-sheath structured Sn@CNT nanopillar arrays on carbon paper with a unique 3D hierarchical architecture as free-standing electrode for sodium-ion batteries.
178 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of NaCrO2 as a positive electrode material for sodium-ion batteries was tested at room temperature using two-electrode coin cells with NaClO4/PC electrolyte.
Abstract: Layered structure NaCrO2 (R-3m) was successfully synthesized by solid state reaction. The electrochemical performance of NaCrO2 as a positive electrode material for sodium-ion batteries was tested at room temperature using two-electrode coin cells with NaClO4/PC electrolyte. NaCrO2 delivered a reversible capacity of 110 mAh/g during the first charge and had good cyclability. The reaction between deintercalated NaxCrO2 (~Na0.5CrO2) and ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate solvent was studied using Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC). The results were compared to analogous results for Li0.5CoO2 and Li0FePO4 under the same conditions. Na0.5CrO2 showed an unexpected excellent thermal stability in solvent with no heat release in the ARC test temperature range. An X-ray diffraction study showed that Na0.5CrO2 decomposes to NaCrO2 and P3-type layered structure CrO2-δ with minimal oxygen release during the ARC tests, which explains the lack of exothermic behavior.
177 citations