Sodium-ion batteries: present and future
19 Jun 2017-Chemical Society Reviews (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 46, Iss: 12, pp 3529-3614
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
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TL;DR: The current advances, existing limitations, along with the possible solutions in the pursuit of cathode materials with high voltage, fast kinetics, and long cycling stability are comprehensively covered and evaluated to guide the future design of aqueous ZIBs with a combination of high gravimetric energy density, good reversibility, and a long cycle life.
Abstract: Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are truly promising contenders for the future large-scale electrical energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, intri...
726 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the use of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells and showed that hydrogen can play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage.
Abstract: Pumped-Storage of Water: It is the most efficient; it is developed in very large scale capacity storage facilities which require specific sites; nevertheless, in the future due to its long lifetime it will play a significant role for intermediate time storage of a few hours to several days, and even for intermediate scale capacity energy storage. Electrochemical Energy Storage in Batteries: It is now used locally in some places that are not connected to the electricity network and on the smart grids for frequency regulation or small peak production shifts. Examples include sodium sulfur batteries (NaS) which are used in Japan; redox flow batteries under development, and some large scale lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) that are used in specific places. Storage via Hydrogen: The development of hydrogen as a way of using fuel cells is considered and seems very interesting from the pollution point of view at the local scale. From the technical point of view, most of the problems are almost solved. Nevertheless, hydrogen has to be produced and stored; and in this case, the yield is quite low, similar to that of the internal combustion engine. Electricity storage via hydrogen requires water electrolysis, H2 gas storage, and electricity production in fuel cells, all of which leads to a low efficiency and therefore, significant energy loss during electricity storage.
719 citations
TL;DR: This review comprehensively covering the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry.
Abstract: Li-ion batteries (LIBs), commercialized in 1991, have the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely utilized in electronics, electric vehicles, and even stationary energy storage systems. Along with the expansion of their demand and application, concern about the resources of Li and Co is growing. Therefore, secondary batteries composed of earth-abundant elements are desired to complement LIBs. In recent years, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant attention as potential alternatives to LIBs. Previous studies have developed positive and negative electrode materials for KIBs and demonstrated several unique advantages of KIBs over LIBs and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Thus, besides being free from any scarce/toxic elements, the low standard electrode potentials of K/K+ electrodes lead to high operation voltages competitive to those observed in LIBs. Moreover, K+ ions exhibit faster ionic diffusion in electrolytes due to weaker interaction with solvents and anions than that of Li+ ions; this is essential to realize high-power KIBs. This review comprehensively covers the studies on electrochemical materials for KIBs, including electrode and electrolyte materials and a discussion on recent achievements and remaining/emerging issues. The review also includes insights into electrode reactions and solid-state ionics and nonaqueous solution chemistry as well as perspectives on the research-based development of KIBs compared to those of LIBs and NIBs.
651 citations
01 Mar 2019
619 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable zinc-ion battery research are presented, as well as recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance.
Abstract: The zinc-ion battery (ZIB) is a 2 century-old technology but has recently attracted renewed interest owing to the possibility of switching from primary to rechargeable ZIBs. Nowadays, ZIBs employing a mild aqueous electrolyte are considered one of the most promising candidates for emerging energy storage systems (ESS) and portable electronics applications due to their environmental friendliness, safety, low cost, and acceptable energy density. However, there are many drawbacks associated with these batteries that have not yet been resolved. In this Review, we present the challenges and recent developments related to rechargeable ZIB research. Recent research trends and directions on electrode materials that can store Zn2+ and electrolytes that can improve the battery performance are comprehensively discussed.
612 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized thirty years' research efforts in the field of organic compounds for rechargeable lithium batteries and compared the cell performances of these materials, providing a comprehensive overview of the area, and straightforwardly revealing the advantages/disadvantages of each class of materials.
Abstract: Organic compounds offer new possibilities for high energy/power density, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and functional rechargeable lithium batteries. For a long time, they have not constituted an important class of electrode materials, partly because of the large success and rapid development of inorganic intercalation compounds. In recent years, however, exciting progress has been made, bringing organic electrodes to the attention of the energy storage community. Herein thirty years' research efforts in the field of organic compounds for rechargeable lithium batteries are summarized. The working principles, development history, and design strategies of these materials, including organosulfur compounds, organic free radical compounds, organic carbonyl compounds, conducting polymers, non-conjugated redox polymers, and layered organic compounds are presented. The cell performances of these materials are compared, providing a comprehensive overview of the area, and straightforwardly revealing the advantages/disadvantages of each class of materials.
1,096 citations
TL;DR: The synthesis and electrochemical and mechanical performance of layered free-standing papers composed of acid-exfoliated few-layer molybdenum disulfide and reduced graphene oxide flakes for use as a self-standing flexible electrode in sodium-ion batteries are studied.
Abstract: We study the synthesis and electrochemical and mechanical performance of layered free-standing papers composed of acid-exfoliated few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) flakes for use as a self-standing flexible electrode in sodium-ion batteries. Synthesis was achieved through vacuum filtration of homogeneous dispersions consisting of varying weight percent of acid-treated MoS2 flakes in GO in DI water, followed by thermal reduction at elevated temperatures. The electrochemical performance of the crumpled composite paper (at 4 mg cm–2) was evaluated as counter electrode against pure Na foil in a half-cell configuration. The electrode showed good Na cycling ability with a stable charge capacity of approximately 230 mAh g–1 with respect to total weight of the electrode with Coulombic efficiency reaching approximately 99%. In addition, static uniaxial tensile tests performed on crumpled composite papers showed high average strain to failure reaching approximately 2%.
1,080 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the interactions of lithium and sodium with a range of carbon materials in electrochemical cells and demonstrate that both lithium and Sodium can be inserted into the interlayer space in disordered carbon materials.
Abstract: In this paper, we compare the interactions of lithium and sodium with a range of carbon materials in electrochemical cells. Through wide angle in situ X-ray scattering studies, we demonstrate that both lithium and sodium can be inserted into the interlayer space in disordered carbon materials. This insertion process is accompanied by an increase in the interlayer spacing in these materials. Small-angle in situ scattering studies are presented to clearly show the insertion of lithium and sodium into nanopores within disordered hard carbons. We also show that very little, if any sodium can he inserted into graphitic materials in contrast to the large capacity seen for lithium insertion.
1,072 citations
TL;DR: Electrochemical oxidation/reduction data show that simultaneous oxygen and lithium removal at the voltage plateau upon initial charge causes the structural rearrangement, including a cation migration process from metal to lithium layers, which is consistent with the mechanism proposed in the literature related to the Li-excess manganese layered oxides.
Abstract: Lithium-excess manganese layered oxides, which are commonly described by the chemical formula zLi2MnO3−(1 − z)LiMeO2 (Me = Co, Ni, Mn, etc.), are of great importance as positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. In this Article, LixCo0.13Ni0.13Mn0.54O2−δ samples are prepared from Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 (or 0.5Li2MnO3−0.5LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2) by an electrochemical oxidation/reduction process in an electrochemical cell to study a reaction mechanism in detail before and after charging across a voltage plateau at 4.5 V vs Li/Li+. Changes of the bulk and surface structures are examined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). SXRD data show that simultaneous oxygen and lithium removal at the voltage plateau upon initial charge causes the structural rearrangement, including a cation migration process from metal to lithium layers, which is also supported ...
1,053 citations
TL;DR: Electrochemical processes are confirmed to be an accurate route to precisely investigate in a continuous way such a complex system and provide a new way to synthesize materials with a very narrow existence range.
Abstract: Sodium layered oxides NaxCoO2 form one of the most fascinating low-dimensional and strongly correlated systems; in particular P2–NaxCoO2 exhibits various single-phase domains with different Na+/vacancy patterns depending on the sodium concentration. Here we used sodium batteries to clearly depict the P2–NaxCoO2 phase diagram for x≥0.50. By coupling the electrochemical process with an in situ X-ray diffraction experiment, we identified the succession of single-phase or two-phase domains appearing on sodium intercalation with a rather good accuracy compared with previous studies. We reported new single-phase domains and we underlined the thermal instability of some ordered phases from an electrochemical study at various temperatures. As each phase is characterized by the position of its Fermi level versus the Na+/Na couple, we showed that the synthesis of each material, even in large amounts, can be carried out electrochemically. The physical properties of the as-prepared Na1/2CoO2 and Na2/3CoO2 ordered phases were characterized and compared. Electrochemical processes are confirmed to be an accurate route to precisely investigate in a continuous way such a complex system and provide a new way to synthesize materials with a very narrow existence range.
1,053 citations