Software architecture of the internet of things (IoT) for smart city, healthcare and agriculture: analysis and improvement directions
01 Jan 2021-Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing (Springer Berlin Heidelberg)-Vol. 12, Iss: 1, pp 1315-1336
TL;DR: An analysis of currently available types of software architectures of the IoT systems in the field of smart cities, healthcare, and agriculture provides a proposal for solutions and improvements of different software architecture types, interactions between identified software architecture elements that will provide better performance and simplicity.
Abstract: Internet of things (IoT) enables organizations to automate the process and improves service delivery through Internet technology and transferring the data at the cloud level IoT does not allow the use of a universal software architecture for different fields in which it is used, but needs to be adjusted according to the requirements of users This paper presents an analysis of currently available types of software architectures of the IoT systems in the field of smart cities, healthcare, and agriculture It provides a proposal for solutions and improvements of different software architecture types, interactions between identified software architecture elements that will provide better performance and simplicity The novelty of the study is the analysis of different types of IoT software architecture such as: layered, service-oriented and cloud-based software architecture application in these areas of IoT Based on the analysis, the study proposed the type of software architecture of the IoT system for the relevant area of application (smart city, healthcare, and agriculture) Specific points of research are: analysis of different types of software architecture applied in IoT systems, identification of functionalities available in IoT systems through different types of software architecture, the proposal for enhancement of the above functionalities, and proposal of software architecture that is most relevant to the IoT system of a particular area
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TL;DR: An efficient cryptosystem for medical image security based on exploiting the advantages of the de-oxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) rules and chaos maps is presented, which has a high security with an acceptable processing time and can resist various kinds of attacks.
Abstract: The security of healthcare and telemedicine systems is a critical issue that must be significantly investigated. Several smart telemedicine applications are expected to be adopted in the medical sector in the incoming years. Healthcare smart products that are connected through Internet to be accessible anytime and anywhere are expected to deal with critical and confidential information such as personal medical images. Therefore, medical image encryption is an important task in telemedicine and healthcare applications. This paper presents an efficient cryptosystem for medical image security based on exploiting the advantages of the de-oxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) rules and chaos maps. In the proposed medical image cryptosystem, logistic chaos map, piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM), and DNA encoding are employed. The PWLCM is employed to generate a secret key image. Then, the DNA rules are utilized for encoding the secret key image and the input plain image by rows that are encoded with the logistic chaos map. After that, the proposed logistic map is employed to obtain an intermediate image as another secret key image to set DNA functions row-by-row on the coded original image. Moreover, the intermediate image is decoded in the following stage. Finally, the previous actions are iterated through image columns once again to obtain the best ciphered image. The experimental results reveal that the suggested cryptosystem has a high security with an acceptable processing time. In addition, it can resist various kinds of attacks, such as known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors examined how the application of the IoT in smart cities is discussed in the current academic literature and analyzed the temporal nature of IoT research, most relevant journals, authors, countries, keywords, and studies.
Abstract: This study examines how the application of the IoT in smart cities is discussed in the current academic literature. Based on bibliometric techniques, 1,802 articles were retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed to identify the temporal nature of IoT research, the most relevant journals, authors, countries, keywords, and studies. The software tool VOSviewer was used to build the keyword co-occurrence network and to cluster the pertinent literature. Results show the significant growth of IoT research in recent years. The most productive authors, journals, and countries were also identified. The main findings from the keyword co-occurrence clustering and an in-depth qualitative analysis indicate that the IoT is used alongside other technologies including cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and wireless telecommunication networks. The major applications of the IoT for smart cities include smart buildings, transportation, healthcare, smart parking, and smart grids. This review is one of the first attempts to map global IoT research in a smart city context and uses a comprehensive set of articles and bibliometric techniques to provide scholars and practitioners with an overview of what has been studied so far and to identify research gaps at the intersection of the IoT and the smart city.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have discussed the technologies that have been used to support the smart class, and further, there will be a discussion on the existing problems with the smart healthcare system and how these problems can be solved.
Abstract: Patient behavioral analysis is the key factor for providing treatment to patients who may suffer from various difficulties including neurological disease, head trauma, and mental disease. Analyzing the patient’s behavior helps in determining the root cause of the disease. In traditional healthcare, patient behavioral analysis has lots of challenges that were much more difficult. The patient behavior can be easily analyzed with the development of smart healthcare. Information technology plays a key role in understanding the concept of smart healthcare. A new generation of information technologies including IoT and cloud computing is used for changing the traditional healthcare system in all ways. Using Internet of Things in the healthcare institution enhances the effectiveness as well as makes it more personalized and convenient to the patients. The first thing that will be discussed in the article is the technologies that have been used to support the smart class, and further, there will be a discussion on the existing problems with the smart healthcare system and how these problems can be solved. This study can provide essential information about the role of smart healthcare and IoT in maintaining behavior of patent. Various biomarkers are maintained properly with the help of these technologies. This study can provide effective information about importance of smart health system. This smart healthcare is conducted with the involvement of proper architecture. This is treated as effective energy efficiency architecture. Artificial intelligence is used increasingly in healthcare to maintain diagnosis and other important factors of healthcare. This application is also used to maintain patient engagement, which is also included in this study. Major hardware components are also included in this technology such as CO sensor and CO2 sensor.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors propose a fully reusable microservice architecture, standardized through the use of the Web of things paradigm, with high efficiency in real-time data processing, supported by complex event processing techniques.
17 citations
17 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) and present a Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds, and conclude their IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community.
9,593 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the Internet of Things with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues, and some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature are provided and a summary of related research work is provided.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.
6,131 citations
TL;DR: This paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we focus specifically to an urban IoT system that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. This paper hence provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT. Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
4,335 citations
TL;DR: This survey paper proposes a novel taxonomy for IoT technologies, highlights some of the most important technologies, and profiles some applications that have the potential to make a striking difference in human life, especially for the differently abled and the elderly.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as a paradigm in which objects equipped with sensors, actuators, and processors communicate with each other to serve a meaningful purpose. In this paper, we survey state-of-the-art methods, protocols, and applications in this new emerging area. This survey paper proposes a novel taxonomy for IoT technologies, highlights some of the most important technologies, and profiles some applications that have the potential to make a striking difference in human life, especially for the differently abled and the elderly. As compared to similar survey papers in the area, this paper is far more comprehensive in its coverage and exhaustively covers most major technologies spanning from sensors to applications.
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TL;DR: This survey paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art of Internet of Things architectures in various domains systematically and proposes to solve real-life problems by building and deployment of powerful Internet of Nothing notions.
942 citations