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Journal ArticleDOI

Soil Chemical Analysis

01 May 1958-Agronomy Journal (American Society of Agronomy)-Vol. 50, Iss: 5, pp 288-288
About: This article is published in Agronomy Journal.The article was published on 1958-05-01. It has received 7335 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Soil chemistry.
Citations
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Book
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: This significant book provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains.
Abstract: Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."

3,488 citations


Cites background from "Soil Chemical Analysis"

  • ...For freshwater systems Jackson (1978) has similar results from lakes in Canada....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined the sources of heavy metals and metalloids in Soils and derived methods for the determination of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in soil.
Abstract: Preface.- Contributors.- List of Abbreviations.- Section 1: Basic Principles: Introduction.-Sources of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Chemistry of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Soil Organisms.- Soil-Plant Relationships of Heavy Metals and Metalloids.- Heavy Metals and Metalloids as Micronutrients for Plants and Animals.-Critical Loads of Heavy Metals for Soils.- Section 2: Key Heavy Metals And Metalloids: Arsenic.- Cadmium.- Chromium and Nickel.- Cobalt and Manganese.- Copper.-Lead.- Mercury.- Selenium.- Zinc.- Section 3: Other Heavy Metals And Metalloids Of Potential Environmental Significance: Antimony.- Barium.- Gold.- Molybdenum.- Silver.- Thallium.- Tin.- Tungsten.- Uranium.- Vanadium.- Glossary of Specialized Terms.- Index.

1,684 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reliability of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in soils has been investigated using a range of soils containing from 0·03 to 2·7% nitrogen as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: 1 The reliability of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in soils has been investigated using a range of soils containing from 0·03 to 2·7% nitrogen2 The same result was obtained when soil was analysed by a variety of Kjeldahl procedures which included methods known to recover various forms of nitrogen not determined by Kjeldahl procedures commonly employed for soil analysis From this and other evidence presented it is concluded that very little, if any, of the nitrogen in the soils examined was in the form of highly refractory nitrogen compounds or of compounds containing N—N or N—O linkages3 Results by the method of determining nitrogen in soils recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists were 10–37% lower than those obtained by other methods tested Satisfactory results were obtained by this method when the period of digestion recommended was increased4 Ammonium-N fixed by clay minerals is determined by the Kjeldahl method5 Selenium and mercury are considerably more effective than copper for catalysis of Kjeldahl digestion of soil Conditions leading to loss of nitrogen using selenium are defined, and difficulties encountered using mercury are discussed6 The most important factor in Kjeldahl analysis is the temperature of digestion with sulphuric acid, which is controlled largely by the amount of potassium (or sodium) sulphate used for digestion7 The period of digestion required for Kjeldahl analysis of soil depends on the concentration of potassium sulphate in the digest When the concentration is low (eg 0·3 g/ml sulphuric acid) it is necessary to digest for several hours; when it is high (eg 1·0 g/ml sulphuric acid) short periods of digestion are adequate Catalysts greatly affect the rate of digestion when the salt concentration is low, but have little effect when the salt concentration is high8 Nitrogen is lost during Kjeldahl analysis when the temperature of digestion exceeds about 400° C9 Determinations of the amounts of sulphuric acid consumed by various mineral and organic soils during Kjeldahl digestion showed that there is little risk of loss of nitrogen under the conditions usually employed for Kjeldahl digestion of soil Acid consumption values for various soil constituents are given, from which the amounts of sulphuric acid likely to be consumed during Kjeldahl digestion of different types of soil can be calculated10 Semi-micro Kjeldahl methods of determining soil nitrogen gave the same results as macro-Kjeldahl methods11 The use of the Hoskins apparatus for the determination of ammonium is described12 It is concluded that the Kjeldahl method is satisfactory for the determination of nitrogen in soils provided a few simple precautions are observed The merits and defects of different Kjeldahl procedures are discussed

1,289 citations

01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: The NCR-13 Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee members have worked hard at standardizing the procedures of soil testing Laboratories with which they are associated as discussed by the authors, and the committee arrived at the recommended procedures for soil tests.
Abstract: Over the past 30 years, the NCR-13 Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee members have worked hard at standardizing the procedures of Soil Testing Laboratories with which they are associated. There have been numerous sample exchanges and experiments to determine the influence of testing method, sample size, soil extractant ratios, shaking time and speed, container size and shape, and other laboratory procedures on test results. As a result of these activities , the committee arrived at the recommended procedures for soil tests. Experiments have shown that minor deviations in procedures may cause significant differences in test results. It is to the advantage of all laboratories that the credibility of soil testing be enhanced. The adoption of these recommended procedures by all laboratories would be a major step toward improving the image of soil testing and, hopefully, the integrity of fertilizer recommendations based on soil tests. Calibration studies conducted by the North Central Agricultural Experiment Stations over the past five decades have been used to calibrate these recommended procedures. NCR-13 wants it clearly understood that the publication of these tests and procedures in no way implies that the ultimate has been reached. Research and innovation on methods of soil testing should continue. The committee strongly encourages increased research efforts to devise better, faster, less expensive and more accurate soil tests. With the high cost of fertilizer , and with the many soil related environmental concerns, it is more important than ever that fertilizer be applied only where needed and in the amount of each element needed for the response goal. The best hope of attaining this goal is better soil tests and better correlations with plant response. NCR-13 stands ready to evaluate promising new soil tests, and with clear justification will move quickly to revise their recommendations. Wisconsin. The 1996-97 official representatives are listed below. The authors and co-authors of the chapters in this edition of Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region are official representatives to the NCR-13 committee with the following exceptions: Authorship This publication was revised in 1980 and 1988 under the leadership of Bill Dahnke who was the North Dakota representative to the NCR-13 committee until his retirement. His introduction to those two revisions is included below without change. The NCR-13 committee on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis asked me to serve as editor for this revision, which I deemed an honor and a …

894 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seasonal patterns of NPP in South America are correlated with moisture availability in most vegetation types, but are strongly influenced by seasonal differences in cloudiness in the tropical evergreen forests.
Abstract: We use a mechanistically based ecosystem simulation model to describe and analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) in South America. The Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) is designed to predict major carbon and nitrogen fluxes and pool sizes in terrestrial ecosystems at continental to global scales. Information from intensively studies field sites is used in combination with continental-scale information on climate, soils, and vegetation to estimate NPP in each of 5888 non-wetland, 0.5° latitude °0.5° longitude grid cells in South America, at monthly time steps. Preliminary analyses are presented for the scenario of natural vegetation throughout the continent, as a prelude to evaluating human impacts on terrestrial NPP. The potential annual NPP of South America is estimated to be 12.5 Pg/yr of carbon (26.3 Pg/yr of organic matter) in a non-wetland area of 17.0 ° 106 km2 . More than 50% of this production occurs in the tropical and subtropical evergreen forest region. Six independent model runs, each based on an independently derived set of model parameters, generated mean annual NPP estimates for the tropical evergreen forest region ranging from 900 to 1510 g°m-2 °yr-1 of carbon, with an overall mean of 1170 g°m-2 °yr-1 . Coefficients of variation in estimated annual NPP averaged 20% for any specific location in the evergreen forests, which is probably within the confidence limits of extant NPP measurements. Predicted rates of mean annual NPP in other types of vegetation ranged from 95 g°m-2 °yr-1 in arid shrublands to 930 g°m@ ?yr-1 in savannas, and were within the ranges measured in empirical studies. The spatial distribution of predicted NPP was directly compared with estimates made using the Miami mode of Lieth (1975). Overall, TEM predictions were °10% lower than those of the Miami model, but the two models agreed closely on the spatial patterns of NPP in south America. Unlike previous models, however, TEM estimates NPP monthly, allowing for the evaluation of seasonal phenomena. This is an important step toward integration of ecosystem models with remotely sensed information, global climate models, and atmospheric transport models, all of which are evaluated at comparable spatial and temporal scales. Seasonal patterns of NPP in South America are correlated with moisture availability in most vegetation types, but are strongly influenced by seasonal differences in cloudiness in the tropical evergreen forests. On an annual basis, moisture availability was the factor that was correlated most strongly with annual NPP in South America, but differences were again observed among vegetation types. These results allow for the investigation and analysis of climatic controls over NPP at continental scales, within and among vegetation types, and within years. Further model validation is needed. Nevertheless, the ability to investigate NPP-environment interactions with a high spatial and temporal resolution at continental scales should prove useful if not essential for rigorous analysis of the potential effects of global climate changes on terrestrial ecosystems.

803 citations

References
More filters
Book
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: This significant book provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains.
Abstract: Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."

3,488 citations

Book
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined the sources of heavy metals and metalloids in Soils and derived methods for the determination of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in soil.
Abstract: Preface.- Contributors.- List of Abbreviations.- Section 1: Basic Principles: Introduction.-Sources of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Chemistry of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Soil Organisms.- Soil-Plant Relationships of Heavy Metals and Metalloids.- Heavy Metals and Metalloids as Micronutrients for Plants and Animals.-Critical Loads of Heavy Metals for Soils.- Section 2: Key Heavy Metals And Metalloids: Arsenic.- Cadmium.- Chromium and Nickel.- Cobalt and Manganese.- Copper.-Lead.- Mercury.- Selenium.- Zinc.- Section 3: Other Heavy Metals And Metalloids Of Potential Environmental Significance: Antimony.- Barium.- Gold.- Molybdenum.- Silver.- Thallium.- Tin.- Tungsten.- Uranium.- Vanadium.- Glossary of Specialized Terms.- Index.

1,684 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reliability of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in soils has been investigated using a range of soils containing from 0·03 to 2·7% nitrogen as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: 1 The reliability of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in soils has been investigated using a range of soils containing from 0·03 to 2·7% nitrogen2 The same result was obtained when soil was analysed by a variety of Kjeldahl procedures which included methods known to recover various forms of nitrogen not determined by Kjeldahl procedures commonly employed for soil analysis From this and other evidence presented it is concluded that very little, if any, of the nitrogen in the soils examined was in the form of highly refractory nitrogen compounds or of compounds containing N—N or N—O linkages3 Results by the method of determining nitrogen in soils recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists were 10–37% lower than those obtained by other methods tested Satisfactory results were obtained by this method when the period of digestion recommended was increased4 Ammonium-N fixed by clay minerals is determined by the Kjeldahl method5 Selenium and mercury are considerably more effective than copper for catalysis of Kjeldahl digestion of soil Conditions leading to loss of nitrogen using selenium are defined, and difficulties encountered using mercury are discussed6 The most important factor in Kjeldahl analysis is the temperature of digestion with sulphuric acid, which is controlled largely by the amount of potassium (or sodium) sulphate used for digestion7 The period of digestion required for Kjeldahl analysis of soil depends on the concentration of potassium sulphate in the digest When the concentration is low (eg 0·3 g/ml sulphuric acid) it is necessary to digest for several hours; when it is high (eg 1·0 g/ml sulphuric acid) short periods of digestion are adequate Catalysts greatly affect the rate of digestion when the salt concentration is low, but have little effect when the salt concentration is high8 Nitrogen is lost during Kjeldahl analysis when the temperature of digestion exceeds about 400° C9 Determinations of the amounts of sulphuric acid consumed by various mineral and organic soils during Kjeldahl digestion showed that there is little risk of loss of nitrogen under the conditions usually employed for Kjeldahl digestion of soil Acid consumption values for various soil constituents are given, from which the amounts of sulphuric acid likely to be consumed during Kjeldahl digestion of different types of soil can be calculated10 Semi-micro Kjeldahl methods of determining soil nitrogen gave the same results as macro-Kjeldahl methods11 The use of the Hoskins apparatus for the determination of ammonium is described12 It is concluded that the Kjeldahl method is satisfactory for the determination of nitrogen in soils provided a few simple precautions are observed The merits and defects of different Kjeldahl procedures are discussed

1,289 citations

01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: The NCR-13 Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee members have worked hard at standardizing the procedures of soil testing Laboratories with which they are associated as discussed by the authors, and the committee arrived at the recommended procedures for soil tests.
Abstract: Over the past 30 years, the NCR-13 Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee members have worked hard at standardizing the procedures of Soil Testing Laboratories with which they are associated. There have been numerous sample exchanges and experiments to determine the influence of testing method, sample size, soil extractant ratios, shaking time and speed, container size and shape, and other laboratory procedures on test results. As a result of these activities , the committee arrived at the recommended procedures for soil tests. Experiments have shown that minor deviations in procedures may cause significant differences in test results. It is to the advantage of all laboratories that the credibility of soil testing be enhanced. The adoption of these recommended procedures by all laboratories would be a major step toward improving the image of soil testing and, hopefully, the integrity of fertilizer recommendations based on soil tests. Calibration studies conducted by the North Central Agricultural Experiment Stations over the past five decades have been used to calibrate these recommended procedures. NCR-13 wants it clearly understood that the publication of these tests and procedures in no way implies that the ultimate has been reached. Research and innovation on methods of soil testing should continue. The committee strongly encourages increased research efforts to devise better, faster, less expensive and more accurate soil tests. With the high cost of fertilizer , and with the many soil related environmental concerns, it is more important than ever that fertilizer be applied only where needed and in the amount of each element needed for the response goal. The best hope of attaining this goal is better soil tests and better correlations with plant response. NCR-13 stands ready to evaluate promising new soil tests, and with clear justification will move quickly to revise their recommendations. Wisconsin. The 1996-97 official representatives are listed below. The authors and co-authors of the chapters in this edition of Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region are official representatives to the NCR-13 committee with the following exceptions: Authorship This publication was revised in 1980 and 1988 under the leadership of Bill Dahnke who was the North Dakota representative to the NCR-13 committee until his retirement. His introduction to those two revisions is included below without change. The NCR-13 committee on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis asked me to serve as editor for this revision, which I deemed an honor and a …

894 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seasonal patterns of NPP in South America are correlated with moisture availability in most vegetation types, but are strongly influenced by seasonal differences in cloudiness in the tropical evergreen forests.
Abstract: We use a mechanistically based ecosystem simulation model to describe and analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) in South America. The Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) is designed to predict major carbon and nitrogen fluxes and pool sizes in terrestrial ecosystems at continental to global scales. Information from intensively studies field sites is used in combination with continental-scale information on climate, soils, and vegetation to estimate NPP in each of 5888 non-wetland, 0.5° latitude °0.5° longitude grid cells in South America, at monthly time steps. Preliminary analyses are presented for the scenario of natural vegetation throughout the continent, as a prelude to evaluating human impacts on terrestrial NPP. The potential annual NPP of South America is estimated to be 12.5 Pg/yr of carbon (26.3 Pg/yr of organic matter) in a non-wetland area of 17.0 ° 106 km2 . More than 50% of this production occurs in the tropical and subtropical evergreen forest region. Six independent model runs, each based on an independently derived set of model parameters, generated mean annual NPP estimates for the tropical evergreen forest region ranging from 900 to 1510 g°m-2 °yr-1 of carbon, with an overall mean of 1170 g°m-2 °yr-1 . Coefficients of variation in estimated annual NPP averaged 20% for any specific location in the evergreen forests, which is probably within the confidence limits of extant NPP measurements. Predicted rates of mean annual NPP in other types of vegetation ranged from 95 g°m-2 °yr-1 in arid shrublands to 930 g°m@ ?yr-1 in savannas, and were within the ranges measured in empirical studies. The spatial distribution of predicted NPP was directly compared with estimates made using the Miami mode of Lieth (1975). Overall, TEM predictions were °10% lower than those of the Miami model, but the two models agreed closely on the spatial patterns of NPP in south America. Unlike previous models, however, TEM estimates NPP monthly, allowing for the evaluation of seasonal phenomena. This is an important step toward integration of ecosystem models with remotely sensed information, global climate models, and atmospheric transport models, all of which are evaluated at comparable spatial and temporal scales. Seasonal patterns of NPP in South America are correlated with moisture availability in most vegetation types, but are strongly influenced by seasonal differences in cloudiness in the tropical evergreen forests. On an annual basis, moisture availability was the factor that was correlated most strongly with annual NPP in South America, but differences were again observed among vegetation types. These results allow for the investigation and analysis of climatic controls over NPP at continental scales, within and among vegetation types, and within years. Further model validation is needed. Nevertheless, the ability to investigate NPP-environment interactions with a high spatial and temporal resolution at continental scales should prove useful if not essential for rigorous analysis of the potential effects of global climate changes on terrestrial ecosystems.

803 citations