Figure 3. 9000 yr of solar open flux, fopen, mass-loss rate, Ṁ , and our predicted solar wind torque, τ, vs. inverse logarithmic look-back time from 2019. The results derived from the OMNI data set are plotted as they appeared in Figure 1. The fopen reconstructed by Owens et al. (2017b; group sunspot number) and Lockwood et al. (2014a; geomagnetic, aa-index) are plotted in the top panel with purple and magenta lines, respectively. We calibrate the long-time fopen reconstruction from Wu et al. (2018b; cosmogenic radionuclides), plotted in the top panel in gray, by first averaging the Owens et al. (2017b) and Lockwood et al. (2014a) reconstructions on the same decadal timescale, shown with dashed and dotted black lines, respectively, then we shifted the Wu et al. (2018b) fopen to match by adding a constant value. This reconstruction is shown with a solid black line, in good agreement with the smoothed values in the overlapping time period of ∼1600–1900. Using the fopen from Owens et al. (2017b) and Wu et al. (2018b), the Ṁ predicted using Equation (10) is plotted in the middle panel with solid purple and black lines, respectively. The τ predicted by Equation (11), for each reconstruction is then plotted with solid purple and black lines in the bottom panel. For both predicted Ṁ and τ, the 2σ bound is indicated with dashed red lines. Maxima and minima in solar activity are shaded with color.
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