Solar cell efficiency tables (version 42)
TL;DR: Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently measured photovoltaic cell and moduleencies for solar cells and modules are presented.
Abstract: Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells andmodules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since January2013 are reviewed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDSsolar cell efficiency; photovoltaic efficiency; energy conversion efficiency*CorrespondenceMartin A. Green, Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.E-mail: m.green@unsw.edu.auReceived 6 June 2013; Accepted 6 June 2013 1. INTRODUCTION Since January 1993, ‘Progress in Photovoltaics’ haspublished six monthly listings of the highest confirmedefficiencies for a range of photovoltaic cell and moduletechnologies [1–3]. By providing guidelines for theinclusion of results into these tables, this not only allowsan authoritative summary of the current state of the artbut alsoencourages researchers to seek independent confir-mation of results and to report results on a standardisedbasis. In version 33 of these tables [2], results wereupdated to the new internationally accepted reference spec-trum (IEC 60904-3, Ed. 2, 2008), where this was possible.Themostimportantcriterionforinclusionofresultsintothe tables is that they must have been independentlymeasured by a recognised test centre listed elsewhere [1].A distinction is made between three different eligibledefinitions of cell area: total area, aperture area anddesignated illumination area, as also defined elsewhere[1]. ‘Active area’ efficiencies are not included. There arealso certain minimum values of the area sought for thedifferent device types (above 0.05cm
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TL;DR: Graphene and related two-dimensional crystals and hybrid systems showcase several key properties that can address emerging energy needs, in particular for the ever growing market of portable and wearable energy conversion and storage devices.
Abstract: Graphene and related two-dimensional crystals and hybrid systems showcase several key properties that can address emerging energy needs, in particular for the ever growing market of portable and wearable energy conversion and storage devices. Graphene's flexibility, large surface area, and chemical stability, combined with its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, make it promising as a catalyst in fuel and dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemically functionalized graphene can also improve storage and diffusion of ionic species and electric charge in batteries and supercapacitors. Two-dimensional crystals provide optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties complementing those of graphene, enabling the realization of ultrathin-film photovoltaic devices or systems for hydrogen production. Here, we review the use of graphene and related materials for energy conversion and storage, outlining the roadmap for future applications.
2,850 citations
Cites background from "Solar cell efficiency tables (versi..."
...The data on the right axis refer to state-of-the-art PV efficiency (32), with the dashed...
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...In general, an efficient sensitizer should have the ability to absorb light over a wide energy range (32–34), high carrier mobility (32), and thermal and photochemical stability (33, 34)....
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...The development of second-generation PVs, based on thin-film technologies, has been driven by the need to increase efficiency (32)....
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...State-of-the-art silicon-PVdevices based on p-n junctions, often referred to as first-generation solar cells (20), have an efficiency of up to~25% (32)....
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...rent; the external quantum efficiency, or the fraction of incident photons converted into electrical current; and the energy conversion efficiency h = Pmax/Pinc, where Pinc is the incident power and Pmax = VOC × ISC × FF, where VOC is themaximum open-circuit voltage, ISC is the maximum shortcircuit current, and FF is the fill factor, defined as (Vmax × Imax)/(VOC × ISC), with Vmax and Imax the maximum voltage and current, respectively (32)....
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University of Cambridge1, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia2, Lancaster University3, University of Manchester4, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies5, Technical University of Denmark6, Nokia7, Queen Mary University of London8, University of Trento9, fondazione bruno kessler10, Technische Universität München11, Polytechnic University of Milan12, Centre national de la recherche scientifique13, University of Trieste14, University of Ioannina15, University of Geneva16, Trinity College, Dublin17, Texas Instruments18, University of Paris19, Spanish National Research Council20, Leiden University21, Delft University of Technology22, University of Patras23, École Normale Supérieure24, Radboud University Nijmegen25, Nest Labs26, Airbus UK27, Seoul National University28, Yonsei University29, University of Oxford30, Chalmers University of Technology31, University of Groningen32, STMicroelectronics33, Chemnitz University of Technology34, Max Planck Society35, Aalto University36
TL;DR: An overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials, ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries are provided.
Abstract: We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.
2,560 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discussed the steps that have led to this discovery, and the future of this rapidly advancing concept have been considered, and it is likely that the next few years of solar research will advance this technology to the very highest efficiencies while retaining the very lowest cost and embodied energy.
Abstract: Over the last 12 months, we have witnessed an unexpected breakthrough and rapid evolution in the field of emerging photovoltaics, with the realization of highly efficient solid-state hybrid solar cells based on organometal trihalide perovskite absorbers. In this Perspective, the steps that have led to this discovery are discussed, and the future of this rapidly advancing concept have been considered. It is likely that the next few years of solar research will advance this technology to the very highest efficiencies while retaining the very lowest cost and embodied energy. Provided that the stability of the perovskite-based technology can be proven, we will witness the emergence of a contender for ultimately low-cost solar power.
2,506 citations
TL;DR: This review summarizes the fundamentals behind the optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials, as well as the important approaches to fabricating high-efficiency perovSKite solar cells, and possible next-generation strategies for enhancing the PCE over the Shockley-Queisser limit are discussed.
Abstract: With rapid progress in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) to reach 25%, metal halide perovskite-based solar cells became a game-changer in a photovoltaic performance race. Triggered by the development of the solid-state perovskite solar cell in 2012, intense follow-up research works on structure design, materials chemistry, process engineering, and device physics have contributed to the revolutionary evolution of the solid-state perovskite solar cell to be a strong candidate for a next-generation solar energy harvester. The high efficiency in combination with the low cost of materials and processes are the selling points of this cell over commercial silicon or other organic and inorganic solar cells. The characteristic features of perovskite materials may enable further advancement of the PCE beyond those afforded by the silicon solar cells, toward the Shockley-Queisser limit. This review summarizes the fundamentals behind the optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials, as well as the important approaches to fabricating high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, possible next-generation strategies for enhancing the PCE over the Shockley-Queisser limit are discussed.
1,116 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief history of perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications is reported, the current state-of-the-art is distilled and the basic working mechanisms have been discussed.
Abstract: There are only few semiconducting materials that have been shaping the progress of third generation photovoltaic cells as much as perovskites. Although they are deceivingly simple in structure, the archetypal AMX3-type perovskites have built-in potential for complex and surprising discoveries. Since 2009, a small and somewhat exotic class of perovskites, which are quite different from the common rock-solid oxide perovskite, have turned over a new leaf in solar cell research. Highlighted as one of the major scientific breakthroughs of the year 2013, the power conversion efficiency of the title compound hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite has now exceeded 18%, making it competitive with thin-film PV technology. In this minireview, a brief history of perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications is reported, the current state-of-the-art is distilled and the basic working mechanisms have been discussed. By analyzing the attainable photocurrent and photovoltage, realizing perovskite solar cells with 20% efficiency for a single junction, and 30% for a tandem configuration on a c-Si solar cell would be realistic.
1,033 citations
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TL;DR: Green et al. as mentioned in this paper presented consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules, and guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since July 2014 are reviewed.
Abstract: Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since July 2014 are reviewed. URI: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.2573/pdf [1] Authors: GREEN Martin A. EMERY Keith HISHIKAWA Y. WARTA W. DUNLOP Ewan Publication Year: 2015 Type: Articles in Journals
2,511 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a layered sandwich-type architecture is proposed for next-generation dye-sensitized solar cells, which consists of a bicontinuous three-dimensional nanocomposite of mesoporous (mp)-TiO2,w ith CH 3NH3PbII3 perovskite as light harvester, as well as a polymeric hole conductor.
Abstract: Inorganic‐organic hybrid structures have become innovative alternatives for next-generation dye-sensitized solar cells, because they combine the advantages of both systems. Here, we introduce a layered sandwich-type architecture, the core of which comprises a bicontinuous three-dimensional nanocomposite of mesoporous (mp)-TiO2 ,w ith CH 3NH3PbI3 perovskite as light harvester, as well as a polymeric hole conductor. This platform creates new opportunities for the development of low-cost, solution-processed, high-efficiency solar cells. The use of a polymeric hole conductor, especially poly-triarylamine, substantially improves the open-circuit voltage V oc and fill factor of the cells. Solar cells based on these inorganic‐organic hybrids exhibit a short-circuit current density Jsc of 16.5 mA cm 22 , Voc of 0.997 V and fill factor of 0.727, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 12.0% under standard AM 1.5 conditions.
2,461 citations
"Solar cell efficiency tables (versi..." refers methods in this paper
...Recent good results have been reported using the perovskite methylammonium triiodideplumbate (CH3NH3PbI3) as the absorber and transport layer [16]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported a new record total area efficiency of 19·9% for thin-film solar cells using three-stage co-evaporation with a modified surface termination.
Abstract: We report a new record total-area efficiency of 19·9% for CuInGaSe2-based thin-film solar cells. Improved performance is due to higher fill factor. The device was made by three-stage co-evaporation with a modified surface termination. Growth conditions, device analysis, and basic film characterization are presented. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,964 citations
TL;DR: The developments in stability/degradation of OPVs in the last five years are reviewed, such as inverted device structures of the bulk heterojunction geometry device, which allows for more stable metal electrodes, the choice of more photostable active materials, the introduction of interfacial layers, and roll-to-roll fabrication.
Abstract: Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) evolve in an exponential manner in the two key areas of efficiency and stability. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) has in the last decade been increased by almost a factor of ten approaching 10%. A main concern has been the stability that was previously measured in minutes, but can now, in favorable circumstances, exceed many thousands of hours. This astonishing achievement is the subject of this article, which reviews the developments in stability/degradation of OPVs in the last five years. This progress has been gained by several developments, such as inverted device structures of the bulk heterojunction geometry device, which allows for more stable metal electrodes, the choice of more photostable active materials, the introduction of interfacial layers, and roll-to-roll fabrication, which promises fast and cheap production methods while creating its own challenges in terms of stability.
1,258 citations
1,210 citations
"Solar cell efficiency tables (versi..." refers background in this paper
...A distinction is made between three different eligible definitions of cell area: total area, aperture area and designated illumination area, as also defined elsewhere [1]....
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...The most important criterion for inclusion of results into the tables is that they must have been independently measured by a recognised test centre listed elsewhere [1]....
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