Solar control characteristics of chemically deposited lead sulfide coatings
TL;DR: In this paper, chemical deposition of lead sulfide thin films on glass substrates was used to satisfy the basic requirements for solar control coatings for window glazing applications in warm climates, where a low transmittance ( ∼10% to 30% ) in the visible region is coupled with an appreciable reflectance for infrared radiation.
Abstract: Chemically deposited lead sulfide thin films on glass substrates are found to satisfy the basic requirements for solar control coatings for window glazing applications in warm climates, where a low transmittance ( ∼10%–30% ) in the visible region is to be coupled with an appreciable reflectance for infrared radiation The depositions were made on glass substrates from alkaline/ ammoniacal baths of lead acetate, thiourea and small amounts of triethanolamine The coating can produce a gray, purple or bluish appearance in reflected daylight with near normal specular reflectance (visible region) of ∼15%–25% These coatings appear yellowish in transmitted daylight with 7%–25% transmittance, depending on the duration of deposition The integrated infrared (070 to 25 μm) reflectance for air mass (AM) 2 solar spectrum of typical PbS coated glass is ∼37% as compared to ∼7% for the uncoated glass The advantages of chemical deposition for large area coatings, the desirable features of PbS as a solar control coating, and toxicity considerations are discussed
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors have described in detail, chemical bath deposition method of metal chalcogenide thin films, it is capable of yielding good quality thin films and their preparative parameters, structural, optical, electrical properties etc.
Abstract: Metal chalcogenide thin films preparation by chemical methods are currently attracting considerable attention as it is relatively inexpensive, simple and convenient for large area deposition. A variety of substrates such as insulators, semiconductors or metals can be used since these are low temperature processes which avoid oxidation and corrosion of substrate. These are slow processes which facilitates better orientation of crystallites with improved grain structure. Depending upon deposition conditions, film growth can take place by ion-by-ion condensation of the materials on the substrates or by adsorption of colloidal particles from the solution on the substrate. Using these methods, thin films of group II–VI, V–VI, III–VI etc. have been deposited. Solar selective coatings, solar control, photoconductors, solid state and photoelectrochemical solar cells, optical imaging, hologram recording, optical mass memories etc. are some of the applications of metal chalcogenide films. In the present review article, we have described in detail, chemical bath deposition method of metal chalcogenide thin films, it is capable of yielding good quality thin films. Their preparative parameters, structural, optical, electrical properties etc. are described. Theoretical background necessary for the chemical deposition of thin films is also discussed.
733 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a chemical deposition technique, much simpler and more versatile than previously reported and capable of yielding good quality SnS films of thickness up to approximately 1.2 mu m under a choice of deposition conditions, is presented.
Abstract: A chemical deposition technique, much simpler and more versatile than previously reported and capable of yielding good quality SnS films of thickness up to approximately=1.2 mu m under a choice of deposition conditions, is presented. The as-prepared films are polycrystalline with p-type dark conductivity in the range 10-5-10-4 Omega -1 cm-1 for the thicker ( approximately 1 mu m) films and showing a photocurrent to dark current ratio of 5-10 under 500 W m-2 tungsten halogen illumination. The optical transmittance and reflectance spectra and the photocurrent response curves of a series of SnS samples are explicitly presented to provide insight into possible applications of these films.
181 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical properties of the lead chalcogenides PbS, PbSe, and PbTe were investigated using a relativistic full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method within the local density approximation.
Abstract: We report on ab initio calculations of the optical properties of the lead chalcogenides PbS, PbSe, and PbTe performed with a relativistic full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method within the local density approximation. Our calculated spectra are in excellent agreement with recent ellipsometry measurements. The origin of the peaks in the spectra is discussed, as well as the effects of increasing the chalcogen atomic number. Q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 69: 349)358, 1998
171 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, spray pyrolysis technique has been employed to prepare uniform, large-area thin-film coatings of PbS on glass and on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting substrates at various substrate temperatures.
Abstract: The spray pyrolysis technique has been employed to prepare uniform, large-area thin-film coatings of PbS on glass and on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting substrates at various substrate temperatures. Growth of polycrystalline PbS films occurred at a lower temperature (T-S = 275 degrees C) on conducting substrate than on glass (T-S = 325 degrees C) and oriented growth of polycrystalline cubic PbS occurred on FTO substrates. Characterization of the films has been carried out using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electrical resistivity studies. The optical transmittance spectra of these films have been taken for a wavelength range of 400-2500 nm. The films are found to be n type and their conductivities are of the order of 10(-4) (Omega cm)(-1). The lattice parameter value is presented. The average crystallite size of the films is of the order of 10(3) Angstrom and the average grain size is of the order of 10(4) Angstrom. Solar control properties of spray pyrolytically deposited PbS thin films have been investigated.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the lead sulfide (PbS) thin films were deposited on glass substrate using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method at different pH of the cationic precursor, keeping the pH of anionic precursor invariant.
Abstract: The lead sulfide (PbS) thin films were deposited on glass substrate using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method at different pH of the cationic precursor, keeping the pH of the anionic precursor invariant. In this work, we establish that the pH of the cationic precursor and in turn the size of the crystallites affects the optical and electrical properties of PbS thin films. The characterization of the film was carried out using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical and electrical measurement techniques. The presence of nanocrystallites was revealed by optical absorption and structural measurements. The PbS thin films obtained under optimal deposition conditions were found to be polycrystalline with face centered cubic structure. The lattice parameter, grain size, micro strain, average internal stress and dislocation density in the film were calculated and correlated with pH of the solution. The values of average crystallite size were found to be in the range 16–23 nm. Optical studies revealed the existence of direct and indirect band gap values in the range 0.99–1.84 eV and 0.60–0.92 eV, respectively. The room temperature resistivity of the synthesized PbS films was in the range of 1.2 × 10 7 to 3.5 × 10 7 Ω cm.
87 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1957
TL;DR: In this paper, hazard analysis information for nearly 13,000 common industrial and laboratory materials is provided in a single source and hazard analysis is performed for each of these materials using hazard analysis tools.
Abstract: The book provides, in a single source, hazard-analysis information for nearly 13,000 common industrial and laboratory materials. New sections have been added to this edition to refiect the increased interest in pollution and health hazards. For public, academic and special libraries. -- AATA
1,441 citations
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31 Jul 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic physical processes in solar cell materials are discussed, and the properties of thin films for solar cells are discussed. And the authors propose a novel concept in the design of high efficiency solar cells.
Abstract: Why Thin Film Solar Cells?- Basic Physical Processes in Solar Cell Materials- Photovoltaic Behavior of Junctions- Photovoltaic Measurements, Junction Analysis, and Material Characterization- Thin Film Deposition Techniques- Properties of Thin Films for Solar Cells- Cu2S Based Solar Cells- Polycrystalline Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells- Emerging Solar Cells- Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells- Photoelectrochemical Cells- Novel Concepts in Design of High-Efficiency Solar Cells
674 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of heat-mirror deposition technology including chemical vapor deposition using hydrolysis and pyrolysis reactions, dc and rf sputtering using reactive, biased and nonreactive techniques, vapor deposition and ion plating.
Abstract: Heat-mirror coatings are important as transparent insulation for a host of applications, including building window glazings. They reduce thermal emittance of glass and polymeric substrates, thereby decreasing the effective radiative loss of a glazing or window assembly. Properties of coatings and substrates, as well as various window designs, are detailed. The paper reviews heat-mirror deposition technology including chemical vapor deposition using hydrolysis and pyrolysis reactions, dc and rf sputtering using reactive, biased and nonreactive techniques, vapor deposition and ion plating. The properties of single-layer films including coatings of In 2 O 3 :Sn, doped SnO 2 , Cd 2 SnO 4 , noble and transition metal films are enumerated. Multilayer films described include dielectric overcoated metals such as ZnS/metal/ZnS, Bi 2 O 3 /Au/Bi 2 O 3 and TiO 2 /Ag/TiO 2 . Electrical, solar and infrared radiative properties are tabulated. Much of the data presented is also useful for photovoltaic and collector applications. New and innovative materials systems are suggested.
291 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the preparation, properties, and role of transparent conducting coatings as solar spectrally selective surfaces are discussed, and the use of transparent conductors in photovoltaic conversion is explored.
Abstract: The preparation, properties, and the role of transparent conducting coatings as solar spectrally selective surfaces are discussed. The application of spectrally selective surfaces to photothermal conversion is covered, and the use of transparent conductors in photovoltaic conversion is explored. Measurement techniques used for determining absorptance, emittance, and reflectance are described. The black solar selective surfaces are covered. Much of the presentation is given in a comparative format. 384 references. (LEW)
187 citations