Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of methods was used in order to assess the stakeholders and the factors influencing the performance of waste management in the cities, in more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries in 4 continents.
About: This article is published in Waste Management.The article was published on 2013-01-01. It has received 1085 citations till now.
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TL;DR: This study studied the survival and fitness of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris exposed to microplastics in litter at concentrations of 7, 28, 45, and 60% dry weight, percentages that, after bioturbation, translate to 0.2 to 1.2% in bulk soil.
Abstract: Plastic debris is widespread in the environment, but information on the effects of microplastics on terrestrial fauna is completely lacking. Here, we studied the survival and fitness of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) exposed to microplastics (Polyethylene, <150 μm) in litter at concentrations of 7, 28, 45, and 60% dry weight, percentages that, after bioturbation, translate to 0.2 to 1.2% in bulk soil. Mortality after 60 days was higher at 28, 45, and 60% of microplastics in the litter than at 7% w/w and in the control (0%). Growth rate was significantly reduced at 28, 45, and 60% w/w microplastics, compared to the 7% and control treatments. Due to the digestion of ingested organic matter, microplastic was concentrated in cast, especially at the lowest dose (i.e., 7% in litter) because that dose had the highest proportion of digestible organic matter. Whereas 50 percent of the microplastics had a size of <50 μm in the original litter, 90 percent of the microplastics in the casts was <50 μm in all treatments, which suggests size-selective egestion by the earthworms. These concentration-transport and size-selection mechanisms may have important implications for fate and risk of microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems.
754 citations
TL;DR: The most commonly used technologies for the treatment and valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) are composting and anaerobic digestion (AD) as discussed by the authors.
752 citations
TL;DR: There is a continued need to increase the field-data bases about plastics (all size fractions) in freshwater environments, especially in countries with rapid economic development and poor waste management, and to estimate river plastic emissions to the world's oceans.
377 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the challenges of solid waste (focusing on industrial waste e-waste, food waste and packaging waste), zero waste practices, and zero waste strategy were discussed to analyze the challenges and opportunities to transform traditional waste management toward zero waste vision.
336 citations
TL;DR: Waste biorefineries if developed in developing countries could provide energy generation, land savings, new businesses and consequent job creation, savings of landfills costs, GHG emissions reduction, and savings of natural resources of land, soil, and groundwater.
333 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Suitable for those new to statistics as well as students on intermediate and more advanced courses, the book walks students through from basic to advanced level concepts, all the while reinforcing knowledge through the use of SAS(R).
Abstract: Hot on the heels of the 3rd edition of Andy Field's award-winning Discovering Statistics Using SPSS comes this brand new version for students using SAS(R). Andy has teamed up with a co-author, Jeremy Miles, to adapt the book with all the most up-to-date commands and programming language from SAS(R) 9.2. If you're using SAS(R), this is the only book on statistics that you will need! The book provides a comprehensive collection of statistical methods, tests and procedures, covering everything you're likely to need to know for your course, all presented in Andy's accessible and humourous writing style. Suitable for those new to statistics as well as students on intermediate and more advanced courses, the book walks students through from basic to advanced level concepts, all the while reinforcing knowledge through the use of SAS(R). A 'cast of characters' supports the learning process throughout the book, from providing tips on how to enter data in SAS(R) properly to testing knowledge covered in chapters interactively, and 'real world' and invented examples illustrate the concepts and make the techniques come alive. The book's companion website (see link above) provides students with a wide range of invented and real published research datasets. Lecturers can find multiple choice questions and PowerPoint slides for each chapter to support their teaching.
25,020 citations
TL;DR: In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics, generation, collection and transportation, disposal and treatment technologies of MSW practiced in India.
952 citations
TL;DR: The main conclusion of the overall assessment of the literature is that the evidence of adverse health outcomes for the general population living near landfill sites, incinerators, composting facilities and nuclear installations is usually insufficient and inconclusive.
664 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the state of municipal solid waste management by local authorities in Kenya is provided as a case study of a low-income developing country and the role of the informal sector through community-based organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and the private sector in offering solutions towards improvement of MSWM is explored.
637 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of determining the optimal number of rating categories for any given rating instrument was addressed. But the problem was not to determine the number of categories to be added to the rating scales, but to determine a minimum number of ratings beyond which there is no further improvement in discrimination of the rated items.
Abstract: GivEN that rating scales are so widely used in the social sciences, both as research tools and in practical applications, determination of the optimal number of rating categories becomes an important consideration in the construction of such scales. As Garner (1960) pointed out, the basic question is whether for any given rating instrument there is an optimum number of rating categories, or at least a number of rating categories beyond which there is no further improvement in discrimination of the rated items. Garner and Hake
588 citations