Solvent engineering for high-quality perovskite solar cell with an efficiency approaching 20%
TL;DR: In this paper, a ternary-mixed-solvent method for the growth of high-quality [Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.95Pb(I0.83)0.3] cation-anion-mixed perovskite films by introducing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) into the precursor mixed solution was developed.
About: This article is published in Journal of Power Sources.The article was published on 2017-10-15. It has received 58 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Perovskite solar cell & Perovskite (structure).
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review focusing on various perovskite formation and crystallization routes with respect to processing parameters including the precursor solvent, solvent mixture, temperature, time, formation of solvent led intermediate complex species, doping and humidity are discussed.
Abstract: An organic–inorganic perovskite is comprised of an organic cation (CH3NH3+, FAI, or Cs), a metal cation (Pb2+ or Sn2+) and a halide (I−, Cl−, or Br−) molecule. Precursor salts containing these cations, molecules and halide ions dissolved in solvents are used to prepare perovskite films. Perovskite film formation takes place through the reaction of precursor elements, which is assisted by various processing conditions such as thermal annealing, moisture and solvent treatment. This review focuses on various perovskite formation and crystallization routes with respect to processing parameters including the precursor solvent, solvent mixture, temperature, time, formation of solvent led-intermediate complex species, doping and humidity. Adding water as the dopant to the precursor solvent and exposure to moisture from atmospheric humidity to improve perovskite film quality are also discussed. Processing conditions and crystallization processes are described in correlation with the perovskite film morphology, crystallinity, defects, charge transport and device performance. This article will aim to highlighting recent findings in the selection of solvents in the crystallization of perovskite films, solvent induced intermediate phases, and effects of water in assisting perovskite crystallization for improved film quality and device performance. The review will also present various structural and nanoscale characterization techniques that have been used to probe solvent based intermediate species transformation processes to the perovskite phase and understand the effects in correlation with device performance.
180 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors comprehensively review the recent progress of flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) and highlight the major breakthroughs of FPSCs made in 2019/2020 for both laboratory and large-scale devices.
140 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors exploit a vast number of defect engineering approaches aiming to increase the performance and the stability of perovskite solar cells, especially against humidity, continuous illumination, and heat.
Abstract: The surface, interfaces and grain boundaries of a halide perovskite film carry critical tasks in achieving as well as maintaining high solar cell performance due to the inherently defective nature across their regime. Passivating materials and felicitous process engineering approaches have significant ramifications in the resultant perovskite film, and the solar cell's overall macroscale properties as they dictate structural and optoelectronic properties. Herein, we exploit a vast number of defect engineering approaches aiming to increase the performance and the stability of perovskite solar cells, especially against humidity, continuous illumination, and heat. This review begins with the perovskite materials' fundamental structural properties followed by the advances made to induce higher stabilization in perovskite solar cells by fine-tuning materials chemistry design parameters. We continue by summarizing defect passivation strategies based on molecular entities' application, including suitable functional groups that enable sufficient surface, bulk and grain boundary passivation, morphology, and crystallinity control. We also present methods to control the density of defects through the variation of processing conditions, solvent annealing and solvent engineering approaches, gas-assisted deposition methods, and use of self-assembled monolayers, as well as colloidal engineering and coordination surface chemistry. Finally, we give our perspective on how a combined understanding of materials chemistry aspects and passivation mechanisms will further develop high-efficiency and stability perovskite solar cells.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, rare-earth doped upconversion nanoparticles with core-shell structure are synthesized for enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells, which can be used as spectral conversion materials.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a pyridine additive in the precursor mixed solution was introduced to improve the quality of perovskite layer, which achieved a power conversion efficiency of 1903% while the device without adding reached an efficiency of 1694% at the same experiment conditions.
56 citations
References
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TL;DR: Perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies exceeding 16% at AM 1.5 G one sun illumination are developed using the black polymorph of formamidnium lead iodide, HC(NH2)2 PbI3, which exhibits photostability and little I-V hysteresis.
Abstract: Perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies exceeding 16% at AM 15 G one sun illumination are developed using the black polymorph of formamidnium lead iodide, HC(NH2)2 PbI3 Compared with CH3 NH3 PbI3 , HC(NH2 )2 PbI3 extends its absoprtion to 840 nm and shows no phase transition between 296 and 423 K Moreover, a solar cell based on HC(NH2 )2 PbI3 exhibits photostability and little I-V hysteresis
817 citations
809 citations
TL;DR: Time-resolved transient absorption and photoluminescence are used to show that the effective diffusion lengths are indeed relatively large in CH3NH3PbI3, about 100 nm for both electrons and holes—a high value for a semiconductor formed from solution at low temperature.
Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert sunlight directly into electricity are becoming increasingly important in the world's renewable energy mix. The cumulative world PV installations reached around 100 GWp (gigawatts) ( 1 ) by the end of 2012. Some 85% use crystalline Si, with the rest being polycrystalline thin film cells, mostly cadmium telluride/cadmium sulfide ones. Thin-film cells tend to be cheaper to make with a shorter energy payback time. However, they do have the disadvantage, one that may become crucial when considering the terawatt range, that most of them contain rare elements like tellurium (as rare as gold), indium, and gallium. A newcomer to the PV field ( 2 ) has rapidly reached conversion efficiencies of more than 15% (see the figure). Based on organic-inorganic perovskite-structured semiconductors, the most common of which is the triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3), these perovskites tend to have high charge-carrier mobilities ( 3 , 4 ). High mobility is important because, together with high charge carrier lifetimes, it means that the light-generated electrons and holes can move large enough distances to be extracted as current, instead of losing their energy as heat within the cell. On pages 344 and 341 of this issue, Xing et al. ( 5 ) and Stranks et al. ( 6 ) use time-resolved transient absorption and photoluminescence to show that the effective diffusion lengths are indeed relatively large in CH3NH3PbI3, about 100 nm for both electrons and holes—a high value for a semiconductor formed from solution at low temperature.
724 citations
TL;DR: In this article, methylammonium lead iodide perovskites (CsxMA1−xPbI3) light absorbers were used to improve the performance of inverted-type perovsite/fullerene planar heterojunction hybrid solar cells.
450 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, thiourea is introduced into the CH3NH3PbI3 precursor with two-step sequential EA interfacial processing for the first time to grow compact microsized and monolithically grained perovskite films.
Abstract: The synthesis and growth of perovskite films with controlled crystallinity and microstructure for highly efficient and stable solar cells is a critical issue. In this work, thiourea is introduced into the CH3NH3PbI3 precursor with two-step sequential ethyl acetate (EA) interfacial processing. This is shown for the first time to grow compact microsized and monolithically grained perovskite films. X-ray diffraction patterns and infrared spectroscopy are used to prove that thiourea significantly impacts the perovskite crystallinity and morphology by forming the intermediate phase MAI·PbI2·SC(NH2)2. Afterward, the residual thiourea which coursed charge recombination is completely extracted by the sequential EA processing. The product has improved light harvesting, suppressed defect state, and enhanced charge separation and transport. The sequentially EA processed perovskite solar cells offer an impressive 18.46% power conversion efficiency and excellent stability in ambient air. More importantly, the EA postprocessed perovskite solar cells also have excellent voltage response under ultraweak light (0.05% sun) with promising utility in photodetectors and photoelectric sensors.
290 citations