Some aspects of the interaction between natural and synthetic female sex hormones and the liver.
TL;DR: The main topics are: Effect of oral contraceptives on the liver, the mechanism of the cholestatic effect of steroids, possible genetical defects involved and the likely connection between the metabolism of hormonal steroids and the formation of gallstones in women.
About: This article is published in The American Journal of Medicine.The article was published on 1970-11-01. It has received 185 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Liver cell & Liver disease.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: It seems likely that oral contraceptives play a role in the development of this lesion, and although benign, the tumour may cause serious or fatal haemorrhage.
555 citations
TL;DR: This review summarizes their variable clinical presentations, examines the role of transport proteins in hepatic drug clearance and toxicity, and addresses the increasing importance of genetic determinants, as well as practical aspects of diagnosis and management.
347 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the relatively high concentrations of phytoestrogens from soybean protein present in the commercial diet fed to captive cheetahs in North American zoos may be one of the major factors in the decline of fertility and in the etiology of liver disease in this species.
337 citations
TL;DR: The range of treatment used by transsexual people, the rationale behind these, and the expectation from such treatment are discussed, as well as the potential adverse effects of cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual people.
Abstract: Cross-sex hormone treatment is an important component in medical treatment of transsexual people. Endocrinologists are often faced with designing treatment recommendations. Although guidelines from organizations, such as the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, have been helpful, management remains complex and experience guided. We discuss the range of treatment used by transsexual people, the rationale behind these, and the expectation from such treatment. Recommendations from seven clinical research centers treating transsexual people are discussed. In addition, self-reported hormonal regimens from 25 male-to-female transsexual people and five female-to-male transsexual people are reported. Finally, the potential adverse effects of cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual people are reviewed. In light of the complexity of managing treatment goals and adverse effects, the active involvement of a medical doctor experienced in cross-sex hormonal therapy is vital to ensure the safety...
279 citations
Cites background from "Some aspects of the interaction bet..."
...Estrogen administration to reproductive age women for contraception has demonstrated dose-dependent relationships to venous thromboembolytic disease, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, stroke (43), and adverse liver effects (44, 45)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed blood-filled cysts, characteristic of peliosis hepatis, developed within hepatic parenchyma in seven patients who were treated with androgenic-anabolic steroids for periods ranging from 2 to 2 weeks.
Abstract: Abstract Blood-filled cysts, characteristic of peliosis hepatis, developed within hepatic parenchyma in seven patients who were treated with androgenic-anabolic steroids for periods ranging from 2 ...
231 citations
References
More filters
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is of considerable interest that certain inducers of liver microsomal enzymes have recently been used therapeutically for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in jaundiced children and for thetreatment of Cushing's syndrome.
Abstract: In increasingly large numbers, drugs, pesticides, herbicides, food additives, and environmental carcinogenic hydrocarbons are being found to stimulate their own metabolism or the metabolism of other compounds. The evidence suggests that foreign chemicals exert this action by increasing the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes.Treatment of animals or man with suitable inducers of liver microsomal enzymes accelerates drug metabolism in vivo and alters the duration and intensity of drug action. For instance, barbiturates decrease the anticoagulant activity of coumarin anticoagulants by accelerating their metabolism. This effect requires that the dosage of coumarins be raised to obtain an adequate anticoagulant response, and serious toxicity can result after combined therapy with a coumarin anticoagulant and a stimulator of drug metabolism when the enzyme stimulator is withdrawn and the anticoagulant is continued without an appropriate decrease in dose.
The stimulatory effect of drugs on their own metabolism often allows the organism to detoxify drugs more rapidly. This effect has considerable importance when it causes drugs to become less toxic and less effective during prolonged administration. However, if a metabolite has more activity than the parent drug, enzyme induction can enhance the drug's action. Enzyme induction may also be important during chronic exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as 3, 4-benzpyrene. The ability of 3, 4-benzpyrene to stimulate its own metabolism in liver, lung, gastrointestinal tract and skin represents an important mechanism for the detoxification of this substance.
Inducers of microsomal enzymes stimulate the metabolism or synthesis of several normal body substrates such as steroid hormones, pyridine nucleotides, cytochromes, and bilirubin. Evidence has accumulated that steroids are normal body substrates of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes. Accordingly, treatment of rats with phenobarbital enhances the hydroxylation of androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and progestational steroids by liver microsomes. This effect is paralleled in vivo by enhanced metabolism of steroids to polar metabolites and by a decreased action of steroids such as estradiol, estrone, and progesterone.
Recent studies suggest that inducers of liver microsomal enzymes enhance the hydroxylation of steroids in man. Phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, and phenylbutazone are examples of drugs that stimulate cortisol hydroxylase activity in guinea pig liver microsomes and enhance the urinary excretion of 6 β-hydroxycortisol in man. Further research is needed to learn whether the stimulatory action of drugs on the metabolism of normal body constituents is harmful or whether it restores a homeostasis that was upset by drug administration. It is of considerable interest that certain inducers of liver microsomal enzymes have recently been used therapeutically for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in jaundiced children and for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Considerable further work is required to evaluate more completely the effects of liver microsomal enzyme inducers on the metabolism of bilirubin, cortisol, and other normal body constituents in experimental animals and man.
2,869 citations
TL;DR: The kinetics and tissue distribution of the microsomal heme oxygenase suggest that it is of major importance in the physiological degradation of hemoglobin and other hemoproteins to bile pigment.
1,315 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the control of ALA synthetase in the liver is by feedback repression in which heme may be the corepressor and no feedback inhibition was found.
705 citations
Journal Article•
390 citations