Sorption of chlorophenols in the soil
TL;DR: In this paper, a Freundlich model for chlorophenols at infinite dilution was proposed, which is valid for all investigated soils, including the synthetic "soils", and the increase of non-extractable fractions chlorophenol was described with a square root of time relation.
About: This article is published in Chemosphere.The article was published on 1988-01-01. It has received 78 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Sorption & Freundlich equation.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic study was performed to evaluate the quality and reliability of the quantitative relationship between the soil sorption coefficients and the n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log KOC vs. log KOW).
440 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated linear type isotherms for sorption and desorption in all marine sediments studied, indicative of sorption hysteresis and significant with respect to sediment remediation in contaminated harbors and coastal areas.
334 citations
TL;DR: A review of the physical properties of chlorophenols and alkyl phenols, including acid dissociation constant, aqueous solubility, vapour pressure, octanol-water partition coefficient, Henry's law constant or air water partition coefficients, bioconcentration factor and sorption partition coefficient are presented in this article.
146 citations
TL;DR: It is important that the discharge of chlorophenols to the terrestrial environment by way of sewage sludge or pulp mill effluents be maintained at their current levels or even reduced to lower levels.
Abstract: Chlorination of naturally occurring phenols has taken place perpetually, but since the introduction of pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a commercial antiseptic in 1936, the worldwide production of chlorophenols has rapidly increased with an elevated environmental burden as a result. Today, chlorophenols (CP) are widespread in the environment. Even in the most remote natural environments, analyses have shown the presence of chlorophenols in both aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Previously reported reviews on chlorophenols have mainly focused on the aquatic environment or on the toxicological aspects of chlorophenols (e.g., Ahlborg and Thunberg 1980; Bevenue and Beckman 1967; WHO 1987, 1989) mainly due to the preponderance of information in these areas. However, partitioning models have shown that more than 95% of the load of pentachlorophenol is associated with the soil (Hattemer-Frey and Travis 1989; Shiu et al. 1994; Wild et al. 1992). This review is solely committed to the fate and ecotoxicological effects of chlorophenols in the terrestrial environment. After a short review of the fate and bioavailability of chlorophenols in soil, the major parts of this paper present ecotoxicological data [no-effect concentration/effect concentration (NOEC/EC) values] of chlorophenols relating to soil flora and fauna. The data were collected from laboratory and field experiments published in international papers. Finally, a short evaluation of the ecological risk of chlorophenols in the terrestrial environment and the risk assessment in a few countries are presented.
109 citations
TL;DR: Sorption and desorption behavior of 4-nonyl[14C]phenol in a set of 51 soils using the batch equilibrium approach revealed hysteresis independent of soil properties but decreasing with decreasing initial NP concentrations, and calculation of sorption partition coefficients (KP).
Abstract: Nonylphenol (NP) as an intermediate from anaerobic degradation of widely used nonionic surfactants occurs widespread in the environment. Partition behavior of this toxic and endocrine-disrupting chemical between soil and water was not examined until yet. The objective of this investigation was to quantify sorption and desorption behavior of 4-nonyl[14C]phenol in a set of 51 soils using the batch equilibrium approach. Kinetic studies indicated apparent equilibrium within 20 h. Sorption was influenced by sorbate structure as could be shown with branched 4-nonyl[14C]phenol and the linear 4-n-NP, respectively. Linear 4-n-NP behaves differently from the branched isomers of 4-NP. Sorption of 4-nonyl[14C]phenol tested with five different initial concentrations resulted in linearly fitted isotherms that provided calculation of sorption partition coefficients (KP). Desorption partition coefficients (KP-des) revealed hysteresis independent of soil properties but decreasing with decreasing initial NP concentrations. KP values were correlated with organic carbon content of the soils yielding a log KOC of 3.97.
108 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the sorption of hydrophobic compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic compounds) spanning a concentration range in water solubility from 500 parts per trillion (ppt) to 1800 parts per million (ppm) on local pond and river sediments.
2,593 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method for estimating the equilibrium sorption behavior of hydrophobic pollutants was developed for estimating KOC from water solubility (including crystal energy) and octanol/water partition coefficients.
1,221 citations
876 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a two-compartment model was proposed to distinguish a rapid or labile exchange (requiring at most a few hours to achieve) from highly retarded or nonlabile sorption requiring days or weeks to occur.
Abstract: Sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals in natural sediment suspensions was found to frequently require extended time periods (days to weeks) for complete equilibrium. Sorption dynamics could be described by a two-compartment model that distinguished a rapid or labile exchange(requiring at most a few hours to achieve) from highly retarded or nonlabile sorption requiring days or weeks to occur. For highly hydrophobic chemicals and high solid concentrations, the labile fraction decreased to 0.1 or less in some systems. The kinetic exchange constant for nonlabile sorption varied inversely with the sorption equilibrium constant. An understanding of sorption dynamics is important in describing the fate of highly sorbed pollutants in aquatic systems.
318 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that phenolate sorption not only of the nondissociated phenols but also of their conjugate bases (phenolates) can occur in natural waters of low ionic strength (i.e., I less than or equal to approx. 10/sup -3/M).
Abstract: Laboratory experiments have been conducted to study the sorption of chlorinated phenols by sediments and aquifer materials. It is shown that sorption not only of the nondissociated phenols but also of their conjugate bases (phenolates) can occur. At typical ambient concentrations, sorption equilibrium can be described by the equation S = DC, where S = concentration in the solid phase, D = overall distribution ratio, and C = concentration in the liquid phase. In natural waters of low ionic strength (i.e., I less than or equal to approx. 10/sup -3/ M) and of pH not exceeding the pK/sub a/ of the phenol by more than one log units, phenolate sorption can be neglected and the overall distribution coefficient may be expressed by D = K/sub p/Q, where K/sub p/ = partition coefficient of the nonionized phenol and Q = degree of protonation. K/sub p/ may be estimated from the octanol/water partition coefficient of the compound and from the organic carbon content of the sorbent. In the case of tetra- and pentachlorophenol, phenolate sorption usually has to be considered. It is strongly influenced by the organic carbon content of the sorbent and by the ionic strength of the aqueous medium.
300 citations