Source rock evaluation and basin modelling in the gorgan plain, se south caspian basin, northern iran
About: This article is published in Journal of Petroleum Geology.The article was published on 2021-10-01. It has received 3 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Basin modelling & Source rock.
Citations
More filters
DOI•
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the role of tectono-sedimentary evolution and facies distribution of the Caspian Basin and discovered the fields with the best stratigraphic and structural traps potential.
Abstract: Providing information about the role of the major elements controlling the type of Pliocene deposits in the southeastern part of the Caspian Basin by assessing regional and global parameters is very important to demonstrate the relationship between the tectono-sedimentary evolution and facies distribution of the area, and thereby discover the fields with the best stratigraphic and structural traps potential. Also, there is an indispensable query: which factors had controlled the the Type of Pliocene Deposits in the Southeastern Caspian Basin, NE Iran? In the present research, the Cheleken and Akchagyl formations with the Pliocene age, as the most potent constituents of reservoir intervals in the Caspian Basin, were investigated by considering facies types and the factors that controlled their variations. This research was done based on field observations, microscopy studies, and 2D seismic interpretations. Interpretation of facies and correlation along three surface stratigraphic sections and eleven exploration wells clearly justify the role of tectono-sedimentary agents controlling the distribution of the Pliocene formations in the Gorgan and Gonbad plains. Furthermore, the thickness of the Cheleken Formation increases towards the South Caspian Basin (SCB), and lithologically, it is mainly composed of conglomerates and gravely sandstones at the marginal parts grading into the silty claystone to marl facies towards the SCB. In addition, deposition of the Cheleken was accompanied by sea-level falling, and rapid subsidence resulted from the uplift and subsequent erosion of the Alborz and Kopet Dagh mountains. In contrast, the Akchagyl Formation represents a relatively uniform thickness, and lithologically, it is consists of high-energy carbonate facies in the northeastern Gonbad-e Kavous area changing into the claystone and siltstone facies towards eastern parts of the South Caspian Basin. Ultimately, according to this study, it is found out that Akchagyl Formation records a major regional transgression and reconnection of the study area to the global oceans, which was confirmed by the presence of marine biota and flat geometry pattern of the sedimentary basin.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the sedimentology, petrography and reservoir potential of Pliocene sandstones within the Upper Red Series in the offshore LAM field, Western Turkmenistan, have been examined.
Abstract: The sedimentology, petrography and reservoir potential of Pliocene sandstones within the Upper Red Series in the offshore LAM field, Western Turkmenistan, have been examined. Depositional settings are interpreted within the framework of the Red Series palaeoenvironments across the entire Turkmen sector of the Apsheron‐Prebalkhan uplift zone, including its onshore extension to the east.
1 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, a simplified version of a vitrinite maturation model, called EASY%R[o], was presented, which uses an Arrhenius first-order parallel-reaction approach with a distribution of activation energies.
Abstract: We present a simplified version of a vitrinite maturation model, complete with sample spreadsheet, based on changes in vitrinite composition with time and temperature. The simplified model, called EASY%R[o], uses an Arrhenius first-order parallel-reaction approach with a distribution of activation energies. EASY%R[o] has been calibrated to a more rigorous model of vitrinite maturation based on the chemical properties of coal vitrinite. With EASY%R[o], a profile of vitrinite reflectance vs. time can be obtained for a given stratigraphic level if the time-temperature history for that level has been estimated. When applied to multiple stratigraphic levels, EASY%R[o] can be used to compute profiles of the percent of vitrinite reflectance with depth for comparison with borehol data and to optimize thermal history models. EASY%R[o] can be used for vitrinite reflectance values of 0.3 to 4.5%, and for heating rates ranging from those in the laboratory (1 degree C/week) to those in slowly subsiding geologic basins (1 degree C/10 m.y.). Examples of model applications range from sedimentary rocks heated by an igneous intrusion to a variety of burial histories. Vitrinite maturation predicted by EASY%Ro is compared to other methods currently being used, such as the Lopatin time-temperature index, level of organic maturity, and other approaches using a single activation energy. Our model successfully estimates vitrinite reflectance due to thermal metamorphism of sedimentary rocks heated by igneous intrusions, geothermal fluids, and burial in a variety of basin setting .
1,639 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the methodology developed at IFP for reliable data acquisition and endorses the quality of geochemical parameters acquired with the latest version of the Rock-Eval 6 apparatus.
Abstract: The Rock-Eval 6 apparatus is the latest version of the Rock-Eval product line, commercialized since 1996 by Vinci Technologies. The present work describes the methodology developed at IFP for reliable data acquisition and endorses the quality of geochemical parameters acquired with Rock-Eval 6. Data were obtained on 147 source rocks from various sedimentary basins, of different organic matter types and maturity stages. Intrinsic correlations for two different Rock-Eval 6 apparatus were performed and the obtained data set shows an excellent consistency and good reproducibility conditions for the whole set of Rock-Eval parameters. Complete recovery of total carbon (TC) by Rock-Eval 6 was confirmed by comparison with elemental analysis. In order to check the carbon partition (mineral vs. organic) determined by Rock-Eval 6, measurements of mineral carbon (MinC) and total organic carbon (TOC) were performed by alternative techniques. TOC measured by Rock-Eval 6 was compared to that obtained either by: the Leco apparatus for bulk rocks; elemental analysis for kerogens; and calculation from the mass balance determined after destruction of mineral matrix and the carbon concentration determined by elemental analysis on recovered kerogens for bulk rocks. The results display a good correlation for the whole concentration range (0-90 wt% TOC), when comparing elemental analyses and Rock-Eval 6 for source rocks and kerogens. However, comparison of Rock-Eval 6 with Leco data leads to larger deviations while correlation factors are still good. For a subset of kerogen samples, preparative pyrolysis was performed in order to confirm the value of 83 wt% for the organic carbon of the total S2 peak for any rock with any organic type and to check the absolute value of the S2 peak by gas chromatography analysis of pyrolysis by-product. MinC measured with Rock-Eval 6 was compared to that determined by: weight loss after HCl treatment; the acidimetry technique; and calculation after TC, mass balance from kerogen isolation and organic carbon measurement on kerogen by elemental analysis. The results display a good correlation for the whole concentration range (0-12 wt% MinC), when comparing elemental analyses and Rock-Eval 6. However, comparison of Rock-Eval 6 with acidimetry data leads to larger deviations while correlation factors are still good while comparison with weight loss is poor. As a whole an excellent reliability of TOC and MinC obtained by Rock-Eval 6 was demonstrated, and consequently, it is now possible to get at once the total organic and mineral carbon mass balance for a given rock. Recommendations are proposed regarding the standard samples and analytical methods selected for calibrating the Rock-Eval 6 over a large mineral and organic carbon range. Consistency between S2 and Tmax measured by Rock-Eval 2 and Rock-Eval 6 for Types I and II bulk rocks was also checked. A good correlation was obtained for S2, even though S2 values are slightlyhigher when measured with Rock-Eval 2. It was demonstrated that this is due to carrier gas (nitrogen vs. helium) by running measurements with a Rock-Eval 6 under helium, the difference ranging from 5 to 10 relative wt% for most studied samples. For Tmax correlation, data are much more scattered and as a general trend Tmax obtained by Rock-Eval 6 are higher than Tmax obtained by Rock-Eval 2 and the difference increases with Tmax: this is due to the fact that the probe measuring the temperature in the Rock-Eval 2 is located in the oven wall, consequently Tmax determination is highly dependent on the setup and calibration of the apparatus. A special attention was given for temperature measurement in the Rock-Eval 6, where the probe is in contact with the crucible containing the sample, leading to much more reliable data.
969 citations
"Source rock evaluation and basin mo..." refers background in this paper
...Parameters measured (c.f. Espitalié et al., 1977; Behar et al., 2001) included the temperature of maximum pyrolysis yield (Tmax), the Total Organic Carbon content (TOC), as well as the S1, S2 and S3 parameters....
[...]
TL;DR: A review of the main advances in kerogen studies since the comprehensive synthesis edited by Durand [Durand, B. as discussed by the authors, 1980] can be found in this paper.
923 citations
"Source rock evaluation and basin mo..." refers background in this paper
...Depending on the kerogen type, increases in thermal maturity may yield either oil, wet gas or dry gas (Mukhopadhyay et al., 1995; Vandenbroucke and Largeau, 2007)....
[...]
TL;DR: Kerogen is defined as the portion of organic matter in sedimentary rocks that is insoluble in organic solvents and is formed from formerly living organic materials by diagenetic processes in the first few hundred meters of burial and is partially converted, under the influence of temperature and time, into petroleum by a series of complex, first-order reactions, termed catagenesis as discussed by the authors.
765 citations