Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations for career exploration and decision-making: A test of the social cognitive model of career self-management
TL;DR: This paper assessed the primary experiential sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations relative to career exploration and decision-making activities, including personal mastery, verbal persuasion, vicarious learning, and affect (both positive and negative).
About: This article is published in Journal of Vocational Behavior.The article was published on 2017-04-01. It has received 208 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Social cognitive theory & Persuasion.
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TL;DR: Motivation refers to processes that instigate and sustain goal-directed activities as discussed by the authors, which are personal/internal influences that lead to outcomes such as choice, effort, persistence, achievement, and environmental regulation.
338 citations
23 Jul 2020
TL;DR: Heckhausen and Gollwitzer as mentioned in this paper proposed the Rubicon model of action phases, which describes the course of action as a temporal, linear path starting with a person's wishes or desires and ending with the evaluation of the action outcomes achieved.
Abstract: In the mid-1980s, Heckhausen and Gollwitzer set out to analyze how people control their actions (see Heckhausen, Gollwitzer, & Weinert, 1987). They quickly realized that breaking action control down into different phases greatly benefited its understanding. Heckhausen and Gollwitzer’s analysis was heavily influenced by the work of Kurt Lewin (e.g., Lewin et al., 1944), for whom there was never any doubt that motivational phenomena can only be properly understood and analyzed from an action perspective that distinguishes the processes of goal setting from those of goal striving, an insight that went unheeded for several decades. Accordingly, Heckhausen and Gollwitzer (1987) proposed the “Rubicon”model of action phases, which describes the course of action as a temporal, linear path starting with a person’s wishes or desires and ending with the evaluation of the action outcomes achieved. The model was designed to raise and help answer the following questions: How do people select their goals? How do they plan the execution of goal striving? How do they enact these plans? Moreover, how do they evaluate their accomplishments? According to the Rubicon model, a course of action involves a phase of deliberating the desirability and feasibility of one’s wishes at the outset in order to arrive at a binding decision regarding which of them one wants to pursue as a goal (pre-decisional phase), a phase of planning concrete strategies for achieving this goal Practical Summary
127 citations
TL;DR: Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) was introduced 25 years ago as mentioned in this paper, which originally included three interrelated models of career and academic interest development, choice-making, and selection.
Abstract: Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) was introduced 25 years ago. The theory originally included three interrelated models of (a) career and academic interest development, (b) choice-making, and (...
85 citations
Cites background or result from "Sources of self-efficacy and outcom..."
...However, social support was also directly linked to outcome expectations and, as in Lent et al. (2017), prior mastery experiences with decision-making explained unique variance in career decidedness....
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...Ireland and Lent (2018) built on the study by Lent et al. (2017) by adding measures of social support and three personality traits (conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the adequacy of the conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice were examined, and the results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to.95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
Abstract: This article examines the adequacy of the “rules of thumb” conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice. Using a 2‐index presentation strategy, which includes using the maximum likelihood (ML)‐based standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and supplementing it with either Tucker‐Lewis Index (TLI), Bollen's (1989) Fit Index (BL89), Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Gamma Hat, McDonald's Centrality Index (Mc), or root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), various combinations of cutoff values from selected ranges of cutoff criteria for the ML‐based SRMR and a given supplemental fit index were used to calculate rejection rates for various types of true‐population and misspecified models; that is, models with misspecified factor covariance(s) and models with misspecified factor loading(s). The results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to .95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
76,383 citations
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01 Jan 1997TL;DR: SelfSelf-Efficacy (SE) as discussed by the authors is a well-known concept in human behavior, which is defined as "belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments".
Abstract: Albert Bandura and the Exercise of Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control Albert Bandura. New York: W. H. Freeman (www.whfreeman.com). 1997, 604 pp., $46.00 (hardcover). Enter the term "self-efficacy" in the on-line PSYCLIT database and you will find over 2500 articles, all of which stem from the seminal contributions of Albert Bandura. It is difficult to do justice to the immense importance of this research for our theories, our practice, and indeed for human welfare. Self-efficacy (SE) has proven to be a fruitful construct in spheres ranging from phobias (Bandura, Jeffery, & Gajdos, 1975) and depression (Holahan & Holahan, 1987) to career choice behavior (Betz & Hackett, 1986) and managerial functioning (Jenkins, 1994). Bandura's Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control is the best attempt so far at organizing, summarizing, and distilling meaning from this vast and diverse literature. Self-Efficacy may prove to be Bandura's magnum opus. Dr. Bandura has done an impressive job of summarizing over 1800 studies and papers, integrating these results into a coherent framework, and detailing implications for theory and practice. While incorporating prior works such as Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) and "Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency" (Bandura, 1982), Self-Efficacy extends these works by describing results of diverse new research, clarifying and extending social cognitive theory, and fleshing out implications of the theory for groups, organizations, political bodies, and societies. Along the way, Dr. Bandura masterfully contrasts social cognitive theory with many other theories of human behavior and helps chart a course for future research. Throughout, B andura' s clear, firm, and self-confident writing serves as the perfect vehicle for the theory he espouses. Self-Efficacy begins with the most detailed and clear explication of social cognitive theory that I have yet seen, and proceeds to delineate the nature and sources of SE, the well-known processes via which SE mediates human behavior, and the development of SE over the life span. After laying this theoretical groundwork, subsequent chapters delineate the relevance of SE to human endeavor in a variety of specific content areas including cognitive and intellectual functioning; health; clinical problems including anxiety, phobias, depression, eating disorders, alcohol problems, and drug abuse; athletics and exercise activity; organizations; politics; and societal change. In Bandura's words, "Perceived self-efficacy refers to beliefs in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments" (p. 3). People's SE beliefs have a greater effect on their motivation, emotions, and actions than what is objectively true (e.g., actual skill level). Therefore, SE beliefs are immensely important in choice of behaviors (including occupations, social relationships, and a host of day-to-day behaviors), effort expenditure, perseverance in pursuit of goals, resilience to setbacks and problems, stress level and affect, and indeed in our ways of thinking about ourselves and others. Bandura affirms many times that humans are proactive and free as well as determined: They are "at least partial architects of their own destinies" (p. 8). Because SE beliefs powerfully affect human behaviors, they are a key factor in human purposive activity or agency; that is, in human freedom. Because humans shape their environment even as they are shaped by it, SE beliefs are also pivotal in the construction of our social and physical environments. Bandura details over two decades of research confirming that SE is modifiable via mastery experiences, vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, and interpretation of physiological states, and that modified SE strongly and consistently predicts outcomes. SE beliefs, then, are central to human self-determination. STRENGTHS One major strength of Self-Efficacy is Bandura's ability to deftly dance from forest to trees and back again to forest, using specific, human examples and concrete situations to highlight his major theoretical premises, to which he then returns. …
46,839 citations
"Sources of self-efficacy and outcom..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Bandura (1997) has emphasized the value of ensuring that social cognitive predictors and dependent variables correspond appropriately with one another in terms of content....
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..., 4 mastery and 4 persuasion items), reasoning that it would be useful to preserve the conceptual flavor of Bandura’s (1997) primary sources while achieving reasonably brief scales for future research purposes....
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...Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations were assessed with the Career Exploration and Decision Learning Experiences (CEDLE) scales, which were developed for the present study based on a review of Bandura’s (1997) conceptual definitions of the primary efficacy sources, examination of efficacy source measures used in career content domains (e....
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...Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations were assessed with the Career Exploration and Decision Learning Experiences (CEDLE) scales, which were developed for the present study based on a review of Bandura’s (1997) conceptual definitions of the primary efficacy sources, examination of efficacy source measures used in career content domains (e.g., mathematics self-efficacy, Holland theme self-efficacy), and inspection of Bike’s (2013) measure of career decision learning experiences....
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...experiences‖ in the figure (we will henceforth use the terms learning experiences and sources of efficacy interchangeably), these antecedents of self-efficacy and outcome expectations may be represented by the same four primary variables that are featured in general self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1997): personal mastery experiences (e....
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TL;DR: In this paper, two types of error involved in fitting a model are considered, error of approximation and error of fit, where the first involves the fit of the model, and the second involves the model's shape.
Abstract: This article is concerned with measures of fit of a model. Two types of error involved in fitting a model are considered. The first is error of approximation which involves the fit of the model, wi...
25,611 citations
"Sources of self-efficacy and outcom..." refers methods in this paper
...…adequate model-data fit may be indexed by SRMR values < .08 in combination with CFI values > .95 or RMSEA values < .06, though slightly more liberal fit criteria may also be used when evaluating model adequacy (e.g., CFI values ≥.90; Hoyle & Panter, 1995; RMSEA values ≤.08; Browne & Cudeck, 1992)....
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TL;DR: This paper reviewed the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting exploratory factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results, and the implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed.
Abstract: Despite the widespread use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research, researchers often make questionable decisions when conducting these analyses. This article reviews the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting a factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results. Recommendations that have been made in the methodological literature are discussed. Analyses of 3 existing empirical data sets are used to illustrate how questionable decisions in conducting factor analyses can yield problematic results. The article presents a survey of 2 prominent journals that suggests that researchers routinely conduct analyses using such questionable methods. The implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed, and the reasons for current practices are reviewed.
7,590 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a social cognitive framework for understanding three intricately linked aspects of career development: (a) the formation and elaboration of career-relevant interests, (b) selection of academic and career choice options, and (c) performance and persistence in educational and occupational pursuits.
5,709 citations