Spanwise velocity statistics in high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers
TL;DR: In this article, velocity statistics from high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers are reported, combining efforts spanning over a decade at the University of Melbourne to accurately capture Reynolds number.
Abstract: Spanwise velocity statistics from high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers are reported. The dataset combines efforts spanning over a decade at the University of Melbourne to accurately capture Reynolds number (.
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TL;DR: In this paper , direct numerical simulations are performed to investigate the spatial evolution of flat-plate zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers over long streamwise domains, with the surface temperatures ranging from quasiadiabatic to highly cooled conditions.
Abstract: Abstract Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the spatial evolution of flat-plate zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers over long streamwise domains (${>}300\delta _i$, with $\delta _i$ the inflow boundary-layer thickness) at three different Mach numbers, $2.5$, $4.9$ and $10.9$, with the surface temperatures ranging from quasiadiabatic to highly cooled conditions. The settlement of turbulence statistics into a fully developed equilibrium state of the turbulent boundary layer has been carefully monitored, either based on the satisfaction of the von Kármán integral equation or by comparing runs with different inflow turbulence generation techniques. The generated DNS database is used to characterize the streamwise evolution of multiple important variables in the high-Mach-number, cold-wall regime, including the skin friction, the Reynolds analogy factor, the shape factor, the Reynolds stresses, and the fluctuating wall quantities. The data confirm the validity of many classic and newer compressibility transformations at moderately high Reynolds numbers (up to friction Reynolds number $Re_\tau \approx 1200$) and show that, with proper scaling, the sizes of the near-wall streaks and superstructures are insensitive to the Mach number and wall cooling conditions. The strong wall cooling in the hypersonic cold-wall case is found to cause a significant increase in the size of the near-wall turbulence eddies (relative to the boundary-layer thickness), which leads to a reduced-scale separation between the large and small turbulence scales, and in turn to a lack of an outer peak in the spanwise spectra of the streamwise velocity in the logarithmic region.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , several passive grids of square bars were tested in the open-jet aeroacoustic facility at the University of Bristol to quantify their influence on the average and statistical flow properties as well as generated self-noise.
Abstract: A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the AIAA Aviation 2020 forum (Paper 2020-2525).This paper provides an insight into the grid generated turbulence for aeroacoustic studies. Several passive grids of square bars were tested in the open-jet aeroacoustic facility at the University of Bristol. The geometric properties of the grids and their position within the tunnel contraction nozzle were varied to quantify their influence on the average and statistical flow properties as well as the generated self-noise. Moreover, case studies involving turbulence interaction noise generation with a NACA0012 airfoil and cylinder were conducted. Turbulence intensity, integral length scale, and the anisotropy of the flow generated by each grid were characterized by hot-wire measurements, and the associated far-field noise was measured by a far-field microphone array. The grid turbulence results show that the downstream evolution of the turbulence intensity and integral length scale was comparable to results of closed test-section wind-tunnel studies for the first hydraulic diameter downstream of the contraction nozzle exit. However, beyond the first hydraulic diameter, the turbulence intensity plateaus and the integral length scales show rapid growth. Moreover, the results show that grids positioned closest to the contraction nozzle exit produced turbulence closest to isotropy with high levels of turbulence intensity, but the measured noise spectra suffered from the contamination from the grids self-noise. The grids located farthest from the contraction nozzle exit performed best in terms of noise contamination and could generate almost the same level of turbulence properties as the grids closest to the contraction nozzle exit.
10 citations
TL;DR: A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the AIAA Aviation 2020 forum (Paper 2020-2525). as mentioned in this paper provides an insight into the grid generated turbulence for aeroacoustic studies.
Abstract: A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the AIAA Aviation 2020 forum (Paper 2020-2525).This paper provides an insight into the grid generated turbulence for aeroacoustic studies. Sever...
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors illustrate how the development of such experimental methods have aided their progress by reference to some particular topics related to the structure of turbulent boundary layers: the power law scaling of the mean velocity and its relationship to the mesolayer.
Abstract: Abstract Our understanding of turbulent boundary layer scaling and structure has advanced greatly in the past 20 to 30 years. On the computational side, direct numerical simulations and large-eddy simulations have made extraordinary contributions as numerical methods and computational resources have advanced, while on the experimental side major advances in instrumentation have made available new imaging and quantitative techniques that provide unprecedented accuracy and detail. Here, I illustrate how the development of such experimental methods have aided our progress by reference to some particular topics related to the structure of turbulent boundary layers: the power law scaling of the mean velocity and its relationship to the mesolayer; the scaling of the outer layer with regard to the log law in turbulence; the development of the outer peak; and the scaling of the turbulent stresses in the near-wall region, with an emphasis on the streamwise component.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study the variation in momentum flux signal characteristics across almost a decade of flow Reynolds number (Reτ) by analysing datasets acquired using miniature cross-wire probes with matched spatial resolution.
Abstract: The momentum flux in a canonical turbulent boundary layer is known to have a time-series signature that is characterised by a highly intermittent variation, which includes very short periods of intense flux activity. Here, we study the variation in these flux signal characteristics across almost a decade of flow Reynolds number (Reτ) by analysing datasets acquired using miniature cross-wire probes with matched spatial resolution. The analysis is facilitated by conditionally sampling the signal based on the quadrant (Qi; i = 1–4) and magnitude of the flux, revealing fractional cumulative contribution from Q4 to increase at a much faster rate than from Q2 with Reτ. An episodic description of the flux signal is subsequently undertaken, which associates this rapid increase in Q4 contributions with the emergence of extreme and rare flux events with Reτ. The same dataset is also used to test Townsend’s hypothesis on the active and inactive components of the momentum flux, which are obtained for the first time by implementing a spectral linear stochastic estimation-based decomposition methodology. While the active component is found to be the dominant contributor to the mean momentum flux consistent with Townsend’s hypothesis, the inactive component is found to be small but non-zero, owing to the non-linear interactions associated with the modulation phenomenon. Finally, an episodic description of the active and inactive momentum flux signal is undertaken to highlight the starkly different time series characteristics of the two flux components. The inactive flux signal is found to comprise individual statistically significant events associated with all four quadrants, leading to a small net contribution to the total flux.
6 citations
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19 Dec 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a method to find the optimal set of words for a given sentence in a sentence using the Bibliogr. Index Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08
Abstract: Note: Bibliogr. : p. 413-424. Index Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08
3,758 citations
2,131 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure of energy-containing turbulence in the outer region of a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer has been studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure the instantaneous velocity fields in a streamwise-wall-normal plane.
Abstract: The structure of energy-containing turbulence in the outer region of a zero-pressure-
gradient boundary layer has been studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure the instantaneous velocity fields in a streamwise-wall-normal plane. Experiments performed at three Reynolds numbers in the range 930 0) that occur on a locus inclined at 30–60° to the wall.In the outer layer, hairpin vortices occur in streamwise-aligned packets that propagate with small velocity dispersion. Packets that begin in or slightly above the buffer layer are very similar to the packets created by the autogeneration mechanism (Zhou, Adrian & Balachandar 1996). Individual packets grow upwards in the streamwise direction at a mean angle of approximately 12°, and the hairpins in packets are typically spaced several hundred viscous lengthscales apart in the streamwise direction. Within the interior of the envelope the spatial coherence between the velocity fields induced by the individual vortices leads to strongly retarded streamwise momentum, explaining the zones of uniform momentum observed by Meinhart & Adrian (1995). The packets are an important type of organized structure in the wall layer in which relatively small structural units in the form of three-dimensional vortical structures are arranged coherently, i.e. with correlated spatial relationships, to form much longer structures. The formation of packets explains the occurrence of multiple VITA events in turbulent ‘bursts’, and the creation of Townsend's (1958) large-scale inactive motions. These packets share many features of the hairpin models proposed by Smith (1984) and co-workers for the near-wall layer, and by Bandyopadhyay (1980), but they are shown to occur in a hierarchy of scales across most of the boundary layer.In the logarithmic layer, the coherent vortex packets that originate close to the wall frequently occur within larger, faster moving zones of uniform momentum, which may extend up to the middle of the boundary layer. These larger zones are the induced interior flow of older packets of coherent hairpin vortices that originate upstream and over-run the younger, more recently generated packets. The occurence of small hairpin packets in the environment of larger hairpin packets is a prominent feature of the logarithmic layer. With increasing Reynolds number, the number of hairpins in a packet increases.
1,627 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a publisher's version of an article published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics © 2007 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. www.cambridge.edu.org/
Abstract: This is a publisher’s version of an article published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics © 2007 Cambridge University Press. www.cambridge.org/
1,197 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed direct numerical simulations of unsteady channel flow at low to moderate Reynolds numbers on computational boxes chosen small enough so that the flow consists of a doubly periodic array of identical structures.
Abstract: Direct numerical simulations of unsteady channel flow were performed at low to moderate Reynolds numbers on computational boxes chosen small enough so that the flow consists of a doubly periodic (in x and z) array of identical structures. The goal is to isolate the basic flow unit, to study its morphology and dynamics, and to evaluate its contribution to turbulence in fully developed channels. For boxes wider than approximately 100 wall units in the spanwise direction, the flow is turbulent and the low-order turbulence statistics are in good agreement with experiments in the near-wall region. For a narrow range of widths below that threshold, the flow near only one wall remains turbulent, but its statistics are still in fairly good agreement with experimental data when scaled with the local wall stress. For narrower boxes only laminar solutions are found. In all cases, the elementary box contains a single low-velocity streak, consisting of a longitudinal strip on which a thin layer of spanwise vorticity is lifted away from the wall. A fundamental period of intermittency for the regeneration of turbulence is identified, and that process is observed to consist of the wrapping of the wall-layer vorticity around a single inclined longitudinal vortex.
1,097 citations