Spatial Heterogeneity of Phytoplankton in a Near-Shore Environment
01 Aug 1970-Wsq: Women's Studies Quarterly (NRC Research Press Ottawa, Canada)-Vol. 27, Iss: 8, pp 1453-1473
TL;DR: An analysis of variance model for phytoplankton distribution is described, which allows the partition of the variance of chlorophyll observations into effects due to differences between stations, to Differences between replicate samples at the same station, and to handling and analytical error.
Abstract: An analysis of variance model for phytoplankton distribution is described, which allows the partition of the variance of chlorophyll observations into effects due to differences between stations, t...
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TL;DR: The distribution of the variance of phytoplankton abundance in the mixed layer follows a minus-five-thirds power relationship over a range of length scales from 10 to 1000 m as discussed by the authors.
175 citations
TL;DR: Small-interval water sampling in oceanic subsurface layers in a variety of macroenvironments for microplankton and for characteristics of their environment revealed concentration variations that often exceed errors of sampling and measurement, which suggests influences by physical processes on local microPLankton patches on the scale of a few centimeters to a few meters.
Abstract: Small-interval water sampling in oceanic subsurface layers in a variety of macroenvironments for microplankton and for characteristics of their environment revealed concentration variations that often exceed errors of sampling and measurement. I report incidence and degree of microscale and finescale organism patchiness and their dependency on the local environment and on certain characteristics of the organisms themselves. Scale analysis indicates that patchiness occurs below as well as above the 20 cm intervals sampled. Incidence and degree of patchiness were about the same in separate eastern boundary regions, off California and Peru. Effects of environmental characteristics on organism patchiness are clearly defined in this data set, which suggests influences by physical processes on local microplankton patches on the scale of a few centimeters (microscale) to a few meters (finescale). In the aggregate, finescale and microscale patchiness of microplankton populations was greater at lower wind speeds, during daylight than at night, and over continental slopes. Patchiness was greater in the more stable layers of the seasonal pycnocline, and under more oligotrophic conditions (lower concentrations of nutrients, particulates, and chlorophylls). Patchiness of organisms also was greater where nutrients and particulates were more patchy, but was unrelated to chlorophyll patchiness. Intrinsic properties of the organisms less clearly affected microplankton patchiness. Population patchiness was greater for autotrophs and heterotrophs than for atrophs, and was slightly greater for larval fish competitors and predators than for their prey, and for more motile organisms. Reproductive capacity is indicated to dominate among intrinsic patch-forming attributes. Smallscale patchiness of small plankton is a recurrent feature of the environment of small predators and may affect their growth and survival. Its incidence and degree appear to be specifiable over large domains from parameters of the mixing environment, e.g. wind stress and vertical stability. This would contribute to management of exploited stocks of marine organisms whose recruitment depends on food supply at early stages of their life-history.
172 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the conceptual bases of universal multifractals and more precisely a stochastic multifractal framework which among different advantages lead in a rather straightforward manner to universal multifractals.
Abstract: A multifractal method of analysis, initially developed in the framework of turbulence and having had developments and applications in various geophysical domains (meteorology, hydrology, climate, remote sensing, environmental monitoring, seismicity, volcanology), has previously been demonstrated to be an efficient tool to analyse the intermittent fluctuations of physical or biological oceanographic data (Seuront et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3591-3594, 1996 and Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 3, 236-246, 1996). Thus, the aim of this paper is, first, to present the conceptual bases of multifractals and more precisely a stochastic multifractal framework which among different advantages lead in a rather straightforward manner to universal multifractals. We emphasize that contrary to basic analysis techniques such as power spectral analysis, universal multifractals allow the description of the whole statistics of a given field with only three basic parameters. Second, we provide a comprehensive detailed description of the analysis techniques applied in such a framework to marine ecologists and oceanographers; and third, we illustrate their applicability to an original time series of biological and related physical parameters. Our illustrative analyses were based on a 48 h high-frequency time series of in vivo fluorescence (i.e. estimate of phytoplankton biomass), simultaneously recorded with temper- ature and salinity in the tidally mixed coastal waters of the Eastern English Channel. Phytoplankton biomass, which surprisingly exhibits three distinct scaling regimes (i.e. a physical-biological-physical transition), was demonstrated to exhibit a very specific heterogeneous distribution, in the framework of universal multifractals, over smaller ( 500 m) scales dominated by different turbulent processes as over intermediate scales (10-500 m) obviously dominated by biological processes.
154 citations
Cites background from "Spatial Heterogeneity of Phytoplank..."
...…the interactions between phytoplankton community dynamics and turbulent processes have been widely studied by numerous investigators (Platt et al., 1970; Platt, 1972; Powell et al., 1975; Denman, 1976; Fasham and Pugh, 1976; Steele and Henderson, 1977, 1992; Fortier et al., 1978;…...
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...Moreover, in addition to these theoretical investigations, the interactions between phytoplankton community dynamics and turbulent processes have been widely studied by numerous investigators (Platt et al., 1970; Platt, 1972; Powell et al., 1975; Denman, 1976; Fasham and Pugh, 1976; Steele and Henderson, 1977, 1992; Fortier et al., 1978; Horwood, 1978; Lekan and Wilson, 1978; Demers et al., 1979; Wiegand and Pond, 1979)....
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153 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical representation of the variance spectrum of phytoplankton abundance is proposed, from dimensional considerations, in which the critical parameters are the net rate of reproduction of the phyto-worms r and rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy e.
Abstract: Spatial heterogeneity of ecological variables is recognized as an important stabilizing factor for ecosystem function, but has proved to be a difficult concept to characterize in quantitative, operational terms. In the sea, however, chlorophyll concentration can be estimated by a continuous in vivo measurement, and used to describe the spatial structure of phytoplankton populations in terms of a variance spectrum in either wavenumber or frequency space. In this paper a theoretical represent ation is proposed, from dimensional considerations, of the variance spectrum of phytoplankton abundance in which the critical parameters are the net rate of reproduction of the phytoplankton r and rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy e. The resulting spectrum is shown to have two distinct regions separated by a third boundary region centered about a wavenumber k, = (r\"IE)~. (For typical upper ocean values of r and E, k,-, e,; 1 km). For wavenumbers k >> k, , the chlorophyll variance spectrum E~(k) is proportional to k----,,13, not unlike that for a passive scalar like temperature , but for wavenumbers k << k,, it is predicted that E~(k) o: k-• Finally several spectra derived from observations in the upper ocean are shown to be consistent with the proposed kspectrum.
143 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, a single solution reagent was described for the determination of phosphorus in sea water, which consists of an acidified solution of ammonium molybdate containing ascorbic acid and a small amount of antimony.
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01 Jan 1967
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Book•
01 Jan 1965
TL;DR: This book is very referred for you because it gives not only the experience but also lesson, it is about this book that will give wellness for all people from many societies.
Abstract: Where you can find the bmd biomedical computer programs easily? Is it in the book store? On-line book store? are you sure? Keep in mind that you will find the book in this site. This book is very referred for you because it gives not only the experience but also lesson. The lessons are very valuable to serve for you, that's not about who are reading this bmd biomedical computer programs book. It is about this book that will give wellness for all people from many societies.
2,585 citations
TL;DR: The energy required to maintain an ecosystem is inversely related to complexity, with the natural trend toward decreasing flow of energy per unit biomass; that is, increased maturity.
Abstract: An attempt is made to provide some unifying principles in ecology. The structure of ecosystems is considered in relation to various components, with emphasis on the characteristics of maturity as measured by diversity data and other determinable features, including primary production (P) and biomass (B). Ecosystems with complex structure and containing a high amount of information can be maintained with a relatively lower expenditure of energy. Oscillations, introduced for example by environmental changes or outside exploration, tend to retain an ecosystem in a state of lower maturity. Where succession is occurring, involving exchange of an excess of available energy for a future increase in biomass, the relations encountered may be applied not only to successive states in the same system; but to adjoining or coupled subsystems. Steepness of the gradient between subsystems is shown to depend on several factors subject to quantitative determination and the relation between these subsystems can be imitated ...
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