Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models
TL;DR: This compendium of standards for the use and interpretation of structural equation models (SEMs) removes some of the mystery and uncertainty of the use of SEMs, while conveying the spirit of their possibilities.
Abstract: We provide a comprehensive and user-friendly compendium of standards for the use and interpretation of structural equation models (SEMs). To both read about and do research that employs SEMs, it is necessary to master the art and science of the statistical procedures underpinning SEMs in an integrative way with the substantive concepts, theories, and hypotheses that researchers desire to examine. Our aim is to remove some of the mystery and uncertainty of the use of SEMs, while conveying the spirit of their possibilities.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a consumer's positively valenced brand-related cognitive, emotional and behavioral activity during or related to focal consumer/brand interactions is analyzed in three different social media contexts, including cognitive processing, affection, and activation.
1,863 citations
Cites result from "Specification, evaluation, and inte..."
...Further, GFI = .968; CFI = .984; RMSEA = .061; and SRMR = .0278; thus corroborating the excellent model fit to the data (Bagozzi and Yi 2012, 1988; Bentler 1990; Steiger 1990)....
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TL;DR: The results show that engagement in the game has a clear positive effect on learning, however, it is suggested that the challenge of the game should be able to keep up with the learners growing abilities and learning in order to endorse continued learning in game-based learning environments.
1,022 citations
Cites methods from "Specification, evaluation, and inte..."
...SEM provides the possibility to run multivariate, multilevel analysis (including mediated effects) and, thus, permits modeling more complex models than traditional regression analyses (Bagozzi & Yi, 2012)....
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TL;DR: It is found that brand trust has a fully mediating role in converting the effects of enhanced relationships in brand community to brand loyalty.
723 citations
Cites methods from "Specification, evaluation, and inte..."
...This indicates an acceptable model fit (For a review of fit indices see Browne & Cudeck, 1993; Bagozzi & Yi, 1988)....
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TL;DR: This paper explains how to perform and report empirical analyses using PLS-PM including the latest enhancements, and illustrates its application with a fictive example on business value of social media.
631 citations
TL;DR: The authors applied the component-based structural equation modeling technique of partial least squares to examine online travelers' perceptions of the credibility of UGC sources and how these perceptions influence attitudes and intentions toward UGC utilization in the travel planning process.
Abstract: Recent press reports and complaints by hoteliers have called into question the credibility of travel-related user-generated content (UGC). Yet our understanding of the role of credibility perceptions in the context of UGC is limited, notwithstanding the rising interest in social media. Using an online survey of 661 travel consumers, this study applies the component-based structural equation modeling technique of partial least squares to examine online travelers’ perceptions of the credibility of UGC sources and how these perceptions influence attitudes and intentions toward UGC utilization in the travel planning process. The model also draws on the theory of homophily to make predictions about the antecedent of credibility. Results validate the Source Credibility Theory in the context of UGC but also accentuate the central mediating role of attitude. In addition, the study finds support for perceptual homophily as a critical determinant of both credibility and attitude. Theoretical and managerial implicat...
594 citations
Cites background from "Specification, evaluation, and inte..."
...As shown in Table 2, all the constructs’ average variance extracted (AVE) values are well above the minimum threshold of 0.50 (Henseler, Ringle, and Sinkovics 2009; Bagozzi and Yi 2012)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the adequacy of the conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice were examined, and the results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to.95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
Abstract: This article examines the adequacy of the “rules of thumb” conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice. Using a 2‐index presentation strategy, which includes using the maximum likelihood (ML)‐based standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and supplementing it with either Tucker‐Lewis Index (TLI), Bollen's (1989) Fit Index (BL89), Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Gamma Hat, McDonald's Centrality Index (Mc), or root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), various combinations of cutoff values from selected ranges of cutoff criteria for the ML‐based SRMR and a given supplemental fit index were used to calculate rejection rates for various types of true‐population and misspecified models; that is, models with misspecified factor covariance(s) and models with misspecified factor loading(s). The results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to .95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
76,383 citations
"Specification, evaluation, and inte..." refers background in this paper
...Hu and Bentler (1998, 1999) recommend the following standards for assessing models: RMSEA≤0.06, NNFI≥0.95, CFI≥0.95, and SRMR≤.08....
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... Hu and Bentler (1999) seem to suggest that it may be sufficient to rely on two of the four indexes (RMSEA and CFI)....
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01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Regression analyses suggest that perceived ease of use may actually be a causal antecdent to perceived usefulness, as opposed to a parallel, direct determinant of system usage.
40,975 citations
"Specification, evaluation, and inte..." refers methods in this paper
...Here we take as an example the technology acceptance model (TAM), one of the most highly cited models in the literature (two articles alone have received over 15,000 Google citations to date: Davis 1989; Davis et al. 1989)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and validated new scales for two specific variables, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of user acceptance.
Abstract: Valid measurement scales for predicting user acceptance of computers are in short supply. Most subjective measures used in practice are unvalidated, and their relationship to system usage is unknown. The present research develops and validates new scales for two specific variables, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of user acceptance. Definitions of these two variables were used to develop scale items that were pretested for content validity and then tested for reliability and construct validity in two studies involving a total of 152 users and four application programs. The measures were refined and streamlined, resulting in two six-item scales with reliabilities of .98 for usefulness and .94 for ease of use. The scales exhibited hgih convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity. Perceived usefulness was significnatly correlated with both self-reported current usage r = .63, Study 1) and self-predicted future usage r = .85, Study 2). Perceived ease of use was also significantly correlated with current usage r = .45, Study 1) and future usage r = .59, Study 2). In both studies, usefulness had a signficnatly greater correaltion with usage behavior than did ease of use. Regression analyses suggest that perceived ease of use may actually be a causal antecdent to perceived usefulness, as opposed to a parallel, direct determinant of system usage. Implications are drawn for future research on user acceptance.
40,720 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the ability to predict peoples' computer acceptance from a measure of their intentions, and explain their intentions in terms of their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and related variables.
Abstract: Computer systems cannot improve organizational performance if they aren't used. Unfortunately, resistance to end-user systems by managers and professionals is a widespread problem. To better predict, explain, and increase user acceptance, we need to better understand why people accept or reject computers. This research addresses the ability to predict peoples' computer acceptance from a measure of their intentions, and the ability to explain their intentions in terms of their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and related variables. In a longitudinal study of 107 users, intentions to use a specific system, measured after a one-hour introduction to the system, were correlated 0.35 with system use 14 weeks later. The intention-usage correlation was 0.63 at the end of this time period. Perceived usefulness strongly influenced peoples' intentions, explaining more than half of the variance in intentions at the end of 14 weeks. Perceived ease of use had a small but significant effect on intentions as well, although this effect subsided over time. Attitudes only partially mediated the effects of these beliefs on intentions. Subjective norms had no effect on intentions. These results suggest the possibility of simple but powerful models of the determinants of user acceptance, with practical value for evaluating systems and guiding managerial interventions aimed at reducing the problem of underutilized computer technology.
21,880 citations
"Specification, evaluation, and inte..." refers methods in this paper
...Here we take as an example the technology acceptance model (TAM), one of the most highly cited models in the literature (two articles alone have received over 15,000 Google citations to date: Davis 1989; Davis et al. 1989)....
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TL;DR: In this article, structural equation models with latent variables are defined, critiqued, and illustrated, and an overall program for model evaluation is proposed based upon an interpretation of converging and diverging evidence.
Abstract: Criteria for evaluating structural equation models with latent variables are defined, critiqued, and illustrated. An overall program for model evaluation is proposed based upon an interpretation of converging and diverging evidence. Model assessment is considered to be a complex process mixing statistical criteria with philosophical, historical, and theoretical elements. Inevitably the process entails some attempt at a reconcilation between so-called objective and subjective norms.
19,160 citations
"Specification, evaluation, and inte..." refers methods in this paper
...Surprisingly, treatments of the evaluation and interpretation of SEMs are few in number, sparse in coverage, and in need of updating (e.g., Bagozzi 1980, 2010; Bagozzi and Baumgartner 1994; Bagozzi and Yi 1988; Barrett 2007; Gefen et al. 2000; Iacobucci 2009, 2010; Markland 2007; McDonald and Ho 2002)....
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