Spectroscopic methods for determination of critical micelle concentrations of surfactants; a comprehensive review
TL;DR: The applications of surfactants in various fields are gaining more attention, which makes full characterization of the surfactant characterization of growing interest as discussed by the authors, and it is fundamental to measure the critical micelle.
Abstract: The applications of surfactants in various fields are gaining more attention, which makes full characterization of surfactants of growing interest. It is fundamental to measure the critical micelle...
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TL;DR: A systemic analysis of the in vivo, as well as subcellular, fate of polymeric micelles (PMs), starting from the entry of PMs into the body, is provided in this paper .
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TL;DR: The principle, types, applications, automation, and technical aspects of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction are discussed in this paper, where a homogeneous phase is formed between the aqueous sample and the water-miscible extractant, followed by chemically or physically induced phase separation.
Abstract: Liquid-liquid extraction is a widely used technique of sample preparation in biomedical analysis. In spite of the high pre-concentration capacities of liquid-liquid extraction, it suffers from a number of limitations including time and effort consumption, large organic solvent utilization, and poor performance in highly polar analytes. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is an alternative sample preparation technique that overcomes some drawbacks of conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and allows employing greener organic solvents in sample treatment. In homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction, a homogeneous phase is formed between the aqueous sample and the water-miscible extractant, followed by chemically or physically induced phase separation. To form the homogeneous phase, aqueous samples are mixed with water-miscible organic solvents, water-immiscible solvents/cosolvents, surfactants, or smart polymers. Then, phase separation is induced chemically (adding salt, sugar, or buffer) or physically (changing temperature or pH). This mode is rapid, sustainable, and cost-effective in comparison with other sample preparation techniques. Moreover, homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is more suitable for the extraction of delicate macromolecules such as enzymes, hormones, and proteins and it is more compatible with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, which is a vital technique in metabolomics and proteomics. In this review, the principle, types, applications, automation, and technical aspects of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction are discussed.
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TL;DR: There are three liquid phase microextraction (LPME) configurations, including single drop micro-extraction, hollow-fibre LPME, and dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction as mentioned in this paper .
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors focus on the importance of naturally abundant biopolymers in recent medical applications and provide a crucial comparison of the merits and demerits of the major DDSs for researchers to develop tailor-made DDS.
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TL;DR: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a spectroscopic technique which combines modern laser spectroscopy with the exciting optical properties of metallic nanostructures, resulting in strongly increased Raman signals when molecules are attached to nanometre-sized gold and silver structures.
Abstract: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a spectroscopic technique which combines modern laser spectroscopy with the exciting optical properties of metallic nanostructures, resulting in strongly increased Raman signals when molecules are attached to nanometre-sized gold and silver structures. The effect provides the structural information content of Raman spectroscopy together with ultrasensitive detection limits, allowing Raman spectroscopy of single molecules. Since SERS takes place in the local fields of metallic nanostructures, the lateral resolution of the technique is determined by the confinement of the local fields, which can be two orders of magnitude better than the diffraction limit. Moreover, SERS is an analytical technique, which can give information on surface and interface processes. SERS opens up exciting opportunities in the field of biophysical and biomedical spectroscopy, where it provides ultrasensitive detection and characterization of biophysically/biomedically relevant molecules and processes as well as a vibrational spectroscopy with extremely high spatial resolution. The article briefly introduces the SERS effect and reviews contemporary SERS studies in biophysics/biochemistry and in life sciences. Potential and limitations of the technique are briefly discussed.
1,015 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple and accurate approach to the treatment of pyrene 1:3 ratio data in the context of critical micelle concentration determination in surfactant solutions is established.
699 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the CMC values corresponding to the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate, tetradecyl trimethylammonium bromide and polyoxyethylene,9-dodecyl ether determined in the absence and presence of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes are reported.
Abstract: The laboratory experiments described in this work present the CMC-determination of some surfactants by following three different methods, which require the use of the very common techniques in physical chemistry laboratories, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity.In performing these experiments, the CMC of a surfactant is determined by measuring a change (i) in the UV-Vis spectra of benzoylacetone, (ii) in the fluorescence emission spectra of pyrene monomers, and (iii) in the electrical conductivity of an ionic-surfactant solution, as the concentration of the surfactant increases.The CMC values corresponding to the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate, tetradecyl trimethylammonium bromide and polyoxyethylene,9-dodecyl ether determined in this work following the three indicated methods and in the absence and presence of electrolytes and non-electrolytes are reported.
594 citations
TL;DR: Delta a values have the prospect for use as another index for the estimation of polarity of micellar interior of the probe (pyrene) from the measurements of UV absorption of pyrene in surfactant solution.
358 citations