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Journal ArticleDOI

Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality

01 Jan 1985-The Philosophical Review (Basil Blackwell)-Vol. 83, Iss: 1, pp 142
TL;DR: Lawler as mentioned in this paper argued that being for the freeze means that one is not for disarmament, which is hardly a rational position in the sense that it is suspect if not immoral, in the eyes of some.
Abstract: that a plurality of the American Catholic bishops endorse a nuclear freeze (p. 4), saying that they are thus "taking their stance with Moscow,55 which is for a freeze, and not with the Vatican, which "is still in favor of disarmament?not a freeze.55 To make any sense at all, Mr. Lawler must mean that being for the freeze means that one is not for disarmament? hardly a rational position. One recalls here the arguments, during the 19305s and 19405s, that being for racial justice in the United States was suspect if not immoral, in the eyes of some, because the communists also favored it.
Citations
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01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In the 1995 report of the Commission on Global Governance, the "foremost challenge" was to develop the vision of a better world - one more democratic, secure and sustainable.
Abstract: Confronted by major global problems, our 'foremost challenge', according to the 1995 report of the Commission on Global Governance, is to develop the vision of a better world - one more democratic, secure and sustainable. The report concludes with a call

62 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a Bayesian belief network is used to examine which factors determine fishers' commitment to sustainable fisheries goals, what impact commitment has on exploitation rate, and what measures can be taken to improve commitment.
Abstract: Fisheries management aimed at sustainable exploitation may affect fish populations indirectly by influencing human behaviour. We propose a methodology that includes stakeholders’ opinions, perceptions, and resulting behaviour, within assessment models designed to evaluate the impact of different management measures on the stocks. Based on interviews and a questionnaire, we use a Bayesian belief network to examine which factors determine fishers’ commitment to sustainable fisheries goals, what impact commitment has on exploitation rate, and what measures can be taken to improve commitment. In addition to exploring alternative management measures, the analysis evaluates knowledge actions (providing information to fishers) and commitment actions (intended to increase trust, consensus, and cooperation). The method is applied in a Baltic Sea case study in which commitment is important for successful recovery of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks. The results indicate that the more fishers rely on fishing as their source of income, the less is their commitment and the smaller is the impact of changes in commitment on subsequent catches. The results suggest that commitment can be improved by selecting management measures favoured by fishers and by combining them with commitment and knowledge actions.

62 citations


Cites background from "Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pl..."

  • ...Here, this broad concept has been applied to a specific local context and refers to viewpoints on issues of socially just management, for instance regarding the distribution of access rights ( Walzer, 1983; Elster, 1992; Hernes et al., 2005)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make a positive case for an ethnographic sensibility in political theory, and they argue that such a sensibility can contribute to normative reflection in five distinct ways: epistemic argument, diagnostic argument, evaluative argument, probe, question and refine our understanding of values, and uncover underlying social ontologies.
Abstract: This article makes a positive case for an ethnographic sensibility in political theory. Drawing on published ethnographies and original fieldwork, it argues that an ethnographic sensibility can contribute to normative reflection in five distinct ways. It can help uncover the nature of situated normative demands (epistemic argument); diagnose obstacles encountered when responding to these demands (diagnostic argument); evaluate practices and institutions against a given set of values (evaluative argument); probe, question and refine our understanding of values (valuational argument); and uncover underlying social ontologies (ontological argument). The contribution of ethnography to normative theory is distinguished from that of other forms of empirical research, and the dangers of perspectival absorption, bias and particularism are addressed.

62 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...21 Walzer 1983....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the advantages of using a range of actual cases in doing political theory, and pointed out the wisdom that may be embedded in existing practices, and encouraged theorists to confront challenges they might otherwise overlook and to think through the implications of their accounts more fully.
Abstract: This article explores the advantages of using a range of actual cases in doing political theory. This sort of approach clarifies what is at stake in alternative theoretical formulations, draws attention to the wisdom that may be embedded in existing practices, and encourages theorists to confront challenges they might otherwise overlook and to think through the implications of their accounts more fully.

59 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate dual citizenship from the perspective of five normative theories of democracy and show that most of these theories do not only legitimate and facilitate the acceptance of dual citizenship, but also induce innovation in democratic systems.
Abstract: Dual/multiple citizenship has become a widespread phenomenon in many parts of the world. This acceptance or tolerance of overlapping memberships in political communities represents an important element in the ongoing readjustment of the relationship between citizens and political communities in democratic systems. This article has two goals and parts. First, it evaluates dual citizenship from the perspective of five normative theories of democracy. Liberal and republican as well as multicultural and deliberative understandings of democracy deliver a broad spectrum of arguments in favour of dual citizenship. Only communitarians fear that dual citizenship endangers national democracies. Nevertheless, empirical evidence and national policies largely contradict these fears. The second part of the article reverses the perspective and shows that most theories of democracy do not only legitimate and facilitate the acceptance of dual citizenship – the phenomenon of multiple citizenships induces innovation in demo...

59 citations


Cites background from "Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pl..."

  • ...In exchange, it demands and stimulates citizens’ identification with and their loyalty to their nation(-state) (Sandel 1982, Walzer 1983, for an overview: Reese-Schäfer 1994)....

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