Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality
TL;DR: Lawler as mentioned in this paper argued that being for the freeze means that one is not for disarmament, which is hardly a rational position in the sense that it is suspect if not immoral, in the eyes of some.
Abstract: that a plurality of the American Catholic bishops endorse a nuclear freeze (p. 4), saying that they are thus "taking their stance with Moscow,55 which is for a freeze, and not with the Vatican, which "is still in favor of disarmament?not a freeze.55 To make any sense at all, Mr. Lawler must mean that being for the freeze means that one is not for disarmament? hardly a rational position. One recalls here the arguments, during the 19305s and 19405s, that being for racial justice in the United States was suspect if not immoral, in the eyes of some, because the communists also favored it.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the perceived legitimacy of the activities and the distribution of economic outcomes and project-related information are mediated by organizational allegiances and the history of social relations regarding access to property and forest resources, while the poorest farmers and women have been excluded from project design and implementation.
Abstract: Markets for ecosystem services are being promoted across the developing world, amidst claims that the provision of economic incentives is vital to bring about resource conservation. This article argues that equity and legitimacy are also critical dimensions in the design and implementation of such markets, if social development goals beyond economic gains are to be achieved. The article examines this issue by focusing on two communities involved in a project for carbon sequestration services of forests in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. The perceived legitimacy of the activities and the distribution of economic outcomes and project-related information are found to be mediated by organizational allegiances and the history of social relations regarding access to property and forest resources. Political affiliation determines the project's legitimacy, while the poorest farmers and women have been excluded from project design and implementation. The authors argue that pitfalls such as these contribute to reinforcing existing power structures, inequities and vulnerabilities, and suggest that this is a product of the nature of emerging markets. Markets for ecosystem services are, in effect, limited in promoting more legitimate forms of decision making and a more equitable distribution of their outcomes.
381 citations
Cites background from "Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pl..."
...…is a matter of distribution according to universal principles, some scholars emphasize that what is equitable or not is specific to particular communities and that principles for distribution are tentative and likely to vary across communities, issues and contexts (for example, Walzer, 1983)....
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TL;DR: This article analyzed the equality of participation patterns using comparative data from the 2004 ISSP survey and found that non-institutionalized forms of participation increase patterns of inequality due to education but strongly reduce or even reverse gender and age inequalities.
Abstract: Various studies suggest that while institutionalized and electoral forms of political participation are in decline in Western societies, non-institutionalized forms of participation (like demonstrating, political consumerism or signing petitions) are on the rise. This expansion of the political action repertoire of citizens, however, also entails the question of equal participation opportunities. It can be argued that contemporary ideals of democratic participation assume an equal representation of citizens’ interests. In this paper, we analyze the equality of participation patterns using comparative data from the 2004 ISSP survey. Our results suggest that non-institutionalized forms of participation increase patterns of inequality due to education but strongly reduce or even reverse gender and age inequalities. As such, both institutionalized and non-institutionalized forms of participation have specific (dis)advantages from the perspective of preserving equal access to democratic decisionmaking procedures.
379 citations
Cites background from "Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pl..."
...A complex system of equality can be accepted, as long as the inequalities within one sphere of life do not spill over into inequalities in different spheres (Walzer, 1983; Warren, 2002, pp. 697–8)....
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TL;DR: The work in this paper addresses the complex social problem of poverty in the U.S. and proposes a special issue on poverty in social welfare, which is inspired by the work of Austin, Johnson, Chow, De Marco, and Ketch.
Abstract: This Special Issue has its origins in both historical and contemporary attempts to address the complex social problem of poverty in the U.S. It grew out of a doctoral seminar and therefore most of the authors are current or former doctoral students at the School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley. The Fall 2005 seminar began in the wake of Hurricane Katrina that blew the roof off the city of New Orleans and exposed a history of poverty, racism, and corruption. The topic of the seminar was inspired by recent research on the views of staff delivering welfare-to-work services in the counties surrounding the San Francisco Bay Area (Austin, Johnson, Chow, De Marco, & Ketch, in press). When asked to prioritize an array of training topics relevant to their practice, the staff members rated “poverty” high on their list. Poverty is also an important topic in the curriculum for preparing future social workers. However, it is not always clear how and where this topic is addressed. Because of its complexity, it can be addressed throughout the curriculum (e.g., policy, practice, theory, research, diversity, and/ or specialization courses) or nowhere in the curriculum, that is, “everybody’s business becomes nobody’s business.”
361 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a theoretical model that hypothesizes how specific areas of digital and social exclusion influence each other and argued that they relate mostly for similar (economic, cultural, social, personal) fields of resources.
Abstract: The notion of digital exclusion has become important in communications research but remains undertheorized. This article proposes a theoretical model that hypothesizes how specific areas of digital and social exclusion influence each other. In this corresponding fields model, it is argued that they relate mostly for similar (economic, cultural, social, personal) fields of resources. The model further proposes that the influence of offline exclusion fields on digital exclusion fields is mediated by access, skills, and attitudinal or motivational aspects. On the other hand, the relevance, quality, ownership, and sustainability of engagement with different digital resources is said to mediate the influence of engagement on offline exclusion. Research supporting this model and possible operationalizations in empirical research and interventions are presented.
348 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that urban adaptation injustices fall into two categories: acts of commission, when interventions negatively affect or displace poor communities, and acts of omission, when they protect and prioritize elite groups at the expense of the urban poor.
Abstract: A growing number of cities are preparing for climate change impacts by developing adaptation plans. However, little is known about how these plans and their implementation affect the vulnerability of the urban poor. We critically assess initiatives in eight cities worldwide and find that land use planning for climate adaptation can exacerbate socio-spatial inequalities across diverse developmental and environmental conditions. We argue that urban adaptation injustices fall into two categories: acts of commission, when interventions negatively affect or displace poor communities, and acts of omission, when they protect and prioritize elite groups at the expense of the urban poor.
345 citations
Cites background from "Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pl..."
...…two mutually reinforcing aspects of justice: distributive justice allocates resources to maximize benefits for the most disadvantaged (Rawls 1971; Walzer 1983) while procedural justice ensures meaningful participation of communities in decisions that affect them in order to counteract past…...
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...Existing scholarship highlights two mutually reinforcing aspects of justice: distributive justice allocates resources to maximize benefits for the most disadvantaged (Rawls 1971; Walzer 1983) while procedural justice ensures meaningful participation of communities in decisions that affect them in order to counteract past oppression (Young 1990)....
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