Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality
TL;DR: Lawler as mentioned in this paper argued that being for the freeze means that one is not for disarmament, which is hardly a rational position in the sense that it is suspect if not immoral, in the eyes of some.
Abstract: that a plurality of the American Catholic bishops endorse a nuclear freeze (p. 4), saying that they are thus "taking their stance with Moscow,55 which is for a freeze, and not with the Vatican, which "is still in favor of disarmament?not a freeze.55 To make any sense at all, Mr. Lawler must mean that being for the freeze means that one is not for disarmament? hardly a rational position. One recalls here the arguments, during the 19305s and 19405s, that being for racial justice in the United States was suspect if not immoral, in the eyes of some, because the communists also favored it.
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TL;DR: The authors argue that the workspaces of Bangladeshi construction workers in Singapore typify that of a "total institution", which correspondingly moulds the worker into a discursive ideal, the good, docile Other.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the distributive impacts of the widely-used four-step, demand-based, transport model and show that the consecutive application of the model over a number of years, and successive investments in transport infrastructure consistent with the model results, will widen existing gaps between high-mobile and low-mobile groups, in terms of transport facilities and accessibility available to each group.
Abstract: Transport demand models play a crucial role in the distribution of transport facilities, and hence accessibility, over population groups. The goal of this article is to assess the distributive impacts of the widely-used four-step, demand-based, transport model. This article starts from the hypothesis that the consecutive application of the four-step model over a number of years, and successive investments in transport infrastructure consistent with the model results, will widen existing gaps between high-mobile and low-mobile groups, in terms of transport facilities and accessibility available to each group. A simplified four-step model is then developed to test the hypothesis under different policy scenarios. The results are mixed. In each scenario, gaps between high-mobile and low-mobile groups are increasing and decreasing at the same time. Against expectations, the distributive implications of demand-based modelling seem to depend on the situation and the focus of analysis. Given the unpredictable dis...
28 citations
Cites background from "Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pl..."
...The principle often considered as the ‘default’ option is equality, which describes a distribution in which each recipient or group of recipients receive the same amount of a certain benefit, irrespective of their particular characteristics (see, e.g. Walzer 1983, Miller 1999a)....
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...Scholars of social justice have largely overlooked this topic, apart from a few authors who have dealt with it only in the sidelines (e.g. Walzer 1983, Sadurski 1985, Braybrooke 1987, Elster 1992, Miller 1999a)....
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Dissertation•
01 May 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate whether the globalisation of supply chains gives rise to consumers' moral responsibility to alleviate harms abroad, and they draw on a reading of John Dewey's work to treat actors' capacities as a contingent compass.
Abstract: This thesis investigates one of the central concepts in International Relations Theory, responsibility, and the challenges that the globalisation of production poses to its conventional understandings. As individuals’ ties extend further beyond national boundaries, a myriad of harms enters the horizon of their moral appraisal. A case in point, in affluent democracies consumers are often urged to buy ‘ethically’ so that miseries ranging from labour rights violations to climate change and armed conflicts are ameliorated. However, approaches that systematically explore the grounds of consumers’ responsibility to do so are few and far between.
Does the globalisation of supply chains give rise to consumers' moral responsibility to alleviate harms abroad? This thesis approaches the question from the perspective of global ethics. It draws on a reading of John Dewey’s work to treat actors’ capacities as a contingent compass to navigate through the challenges that global production processes present to consumers' habitual ways of moral thought and action. To generate the empirical basis for a plausible capacity-based argument, it launches a close study of consumers’ means to alleviate armed conflicts linked with the resource curse phenomenon in eastern DR Congo and southern Nigeria.
The work contributes to contemporary studies of global ethics through a mid-level approach, as it draws on empirical research to rearticulate topical moral challenges. The three perspectives of guilty consumer claims, blame games and citizen-consumers weave the theoretical analysis with contemporary practices of assigning responsibility. While it is difficult to ameliorate resourcerelated armed conflicts by buying differently, in some cases purchase action may constitute a step towards a better world and individuals more capable of orienting through its ethical complexities.
28 citations
Dissertation•
28 Apr 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the extent to which the regulatory regime and practice of project-level environmental assessment can assist in securing environmental justice, particularly when operating within the planning control process for major urban projects in specific and local socio-political contexts.
Abstract: Major urban projects associated with sporting mega-events have set the tone for the urban agenda of local governments in Brazil since the country was announced as the host of FIFA’s Football World Cup 2014 and the Olympics 2016. Development consent for these projects is at the core of rising urban-environmental conflicts over development goals and the uneven distribution of costs and benefits of urbanization. Environmental assessment (EA) operating within this political and developmental agenda plays a central role. EA governs the gathering of information, predicting impacts, defining and calculating mitigating and compensatory measures and engaging publics in decision-making, and in carrying out each of these aspects it may produce or reinforce distributional effects. In light of this, this thesis explores the extent to which the regulatory regime and practice of project-level EA can assist in securing environmental justice, particularly when operating within the planning control process for major urban projects in specific and local socio-political contexts. The thesis offers insights into both theory (Part I) and practice (Part II) of EA in terms of the degree to which it is able to incorporate the different dimensions of environmental justice. Part I focuses on developing a theoretically-informed framework of project-level EA in the context of urban-environmental decisionmaking by integrating social justice, environmental justice and urban-spatial justice as key elements of law and policy in the consent regime for major urban projects. In Part II, this is explored empirically by employing socio-legal methodology (comprised of qualitative research based on case study analysis) in the examination of Brazil’s EA regime. The cases selected involve two major urban developments (the redevelopment and expansion of an avenue as part of the improvement of key transport links and the construction of a football arena, supported by the building of real estate) in one specific city in Brazil (Porto Alegre). Both developments took place in the context of preparations for hosting the World Cup. The empirical research comprised gathering and analysing qualitative data on the development consent and environmental licensing procedures documentation, in particular the content of environmental impact reports. Drawing on empirical and qualitative research methods used to compile the case studies, the key conclusion is that EA offers a central and critical stage for voicing urban-environmental conflicts: how the benefits and burdens of a development endeavour – economic, social, environmental, and cultural – are unevenly shared among different population groups in the cities. I argue that if EA, operating within development consent for urban development, is to incorporate urban-environmental justice concerns, distributional aspects, land rights, participation and just distribution of benefits and burdens of urbanization have to be taken into consideration. The case studies indicate that problems arise in this regard when the practice of EA fails to take such information into account, or when the EA process is embedded in the use of development consent arrangements in order to ensure predictability for developers and speed up decision-making, even though this is to the detriment of a thorough impact assessment and consistent public participation. Specific issues highlighted by examining the case study developments include the partial nature of participation requirements and the timing upon the calculation of mitigation and compensatory measures. In summary, the EA procedures researched show up that although socialeconomic and environmental impacts were capable of forming part of the process, these issues were not well studied in terms of how the impacts are felt differently amongst particular groups, particularly those most vulnerable to socio-environmental impacts.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a normative framework for evaluating current developments in border control, building on studies in political theory and the philosophy of law, is presented, and the authors substantiate their claim that a new type of border control is developing.
Abstract: In recent decades we have witnessed the development of a new type of migration regulation and border control in Europe, North America and Australia. In this new system of controls, the focus is less on the physical crossing of territorial borders and more on the process as a whole; from airline reservations, ticketing and visa applications to monitoring individuals after arriving in the country of destination. The developing mode of border control encompasses a multiplication of borders, a multiplication of actors and a multiplication of data and technology. The question arises: Does the new form of border management in Western countries bring forward the aims of border control more effectively and does it entail new risks (for visitors/migrants)? In this article I will first outline a normative framework for evaluating current developments in border control, building on studies in political theory and the philosophy of law. I then substantiate my claim that a new type of border control is developing and ...
28 citations
Cites background from "Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pl..."
...Some argue for a privileged access of people, now abroad, that are in some sense near and dear, while others maintain that such an argument cannot be upheld from a liberal point of view (Carens, 1988; Tholen, 2009; Walzer, 1983)....
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...All seem to agree, however, that it is unjustifiable to deny access and safe haven to those whose need can only be relieved by entrance to a country that can offer security (Carens, 1992; Singer and Singer, 1988; Walzer, 1983: 44–5)....
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...Liberal egalitarian advocates are worried about threats to social security arrangements and social cohesion (Walzer, 1983; Woodward, 1992)....
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