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Journal ArticleDOI

Sphingolipid long chain bases

01 Nov 1970-Lipids (Springer-Verlag)-Vol. 5, Iss: 11, pp 878-891
TL;DR: About 60 natural sphingolipid long chain bases have been identified or proposed and a review is given on their nomenclature, distribution, metabolism, biologic properties, chemistry and methods of characterization.
Abstract: About 60 natural sphingolipid long chain bases have been identified or proposed. A review is given on their nomenclature, distribution, metabolism, biologic properties, chemistry and methods of characterization.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Raman spectra of 35 lipids are presented and analyzed in this paper, i.e. saturated/unsaturated fatty acids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids.
Abstract: Raman spectra of 35 lipids are presented and analyzed in this work. Selected compounds, i.e. saturated/unsaturated fatty acids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids, were chosen to review key lipids involved in cardiovascular disease development. Differences in Raman signatures both between diverse groups of lipids as well as various members of the same family are investigated in detail in order to elucidate marker features enabling detection and discrimination of lipids in complex samples, particularly of biological origin. This work complements our previous review on important biomolecules, i.e. proteins, and presents a comprehensive database of Raman spectra of naturally occurring lipids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

644 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A major goal of the review is to help the reader more easily grasp the metabolic interrelationships that account for the tens of thousands of molecular subspecies that appear in nature, with a focus on mammals.
Abstract: Much has been made about J. L. W. Thudichum’s colorful, and one could say clairvoyant, naming of sphingosine “in commemoration of the many enigmas which it presented to the inquirer” in his 1884 treatise The Chemistry of the Brain(1) because many of the riddles of sphingolipids (as the broader field was later named)(2) remained unanswered for the following century. This changed radically over the past several decades as researchers explored, and ultimately established, what seemed at the time to be radical concepts: that sphingolipids are not just structural elements of cells but also participate in intra- and extracellular signaling; that not only the complex glycan headgroups, but also the lipid backbones, are highly specified metabolically and have selective biochemical functions; and that even the longest known function of these lipids, as structural components of the “fluid mosaic” of cell membrane lipids, is not so simple, and often involves the dynamic clustering of sphingolipids in nontraditional microdomains referred to as rafts. We still know only a fraction of their secrets, but this enlightenment has defined models for thinking about these compounds that remove them from their enigmatic “black box.” Now, a major challenge is to keep up with the rapid growth in knowledge about the sphingolipidome, that is, the ensemble of all sphingolipids.(3) A major goal of the review is to help the reader more easily grasp the metabolic interrelationships that account for the tens of thousands of molecular subspecies (and perhaps more) that appear in nature, with a focus on mammals. The magnitude of this subject precludes the inclusion of all of the enzymes and metabolites, and the author apologizes for the omission of many interesting topics. To put this information in context, there is a brief background discussion of their structures and functions, which have been dealt with also in a recent Chemical Reviews article(4) on the chemicophysical features of sphingolipids and raft formation, and by excellent reviews on sphingolipid signaling5,6 and the biological functions of complex glycosphingolipids.7−10

577 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although SPT is a housekeeping enzyme, its activity is regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally, and its up-regulation is suggested to play a role in apoptosis induced by certain types of stress.

575 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The physical interactions that occur between cholesterol and sphingolipids in model membrane systems are discussed within the context of microdomain formation and a model is presented in which the role of cholesterol is refined compared to earlier models.
Abstract: Recent cell biological studies suggest that sphingolipids and cholesterol may cluster in biomembranes to form raft-like microdomains. Such lipid domains are postulated to function as platforms involved in the lateral sorting of certain proteins during their trafficking within cells as well as during signal transduction events. Here, the physical interactions that occur between cholesterol and sphingolipids in model membrane systems are discussed within the context of microdomain formation. A model is presented in which the role of cholesterol is refined compared to earlier models.

494 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The functional role of the hydrogen bonding groups in the ceramide part of sphingolipids is emphasized and their significance for the formation of lateral hydrogen bonds within the membrane layer and thereof arising effects on membrane stability and permeability are discussed.

408 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1967

669 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Concentrations of the four glycosyl ceramides in plasma and in erythrocytes were determined for samples from young, healthy males and varied with the complexity of the oligosaccharide moiety and ranged from 94% with glucosyl ceramide to 71% with globoside.

642 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new, simple procedure is described for the direct gas chromatographic determination of sphingolipid bases as their trimethylsilyl derivatives, and evidence is presented for the occurrence of C16-sphingosine in sphingomyelin from human blood plasma.
Abstract: A new, simple procedure is described for the direct gas chromatographic determination of sphingolipid bases as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. This method is used to study the nature of the mixture of bases produced by acidic methanolysis of ceramides, sphingomyelins, free sphingolipid bases, andN-acetyl derivatives of the latter. Cleavage of sphingolipids with anhydrous methanolic hydrogen chloride results in the production of considerable quantities of secondary products from sphingosine, such as theO-methyl ethers, which are not formed during methanolysis of free sphingosine. A modified reagent for methanolysis, containing methanol, water and hydrochloric acid, reduces the yield of these by-products to low levels. Preliminary purification of the sphingolipid bases, before gas chromatography, is achieved by chromatographic procedures. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of C16-sphingosine in sphingomyelin from human blood plasma.

522 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A preliminary survey of various tissues is reported and the types of long-chain base found for each tissue are given and evidence is presented for the presence of a new long- chain base associatcd with the sphingomyelin fraction of human plasma lipids.

338 citations