Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis
01 Oct 2011-Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 24, Iss: 4, pp 633-654
TL;DR: Serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches have been recently adopted as auxiliary tools for the diagnosis of this mycotic infection and the first-choice treatment for both humans and cats is itraconazole.
Abstract: Sporotrichosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, is currently distributed throughout the world, especially in tropical and subtropical zones. Infection generally occurs by traumatic inoculation of soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Certain leisure and occupational activities, such as floriculture, agriculture, mining, and wood exploitation, are traditionally associated with the mycosis. Zoonotic transmission has been described in isolated cases or in small outbreaks. Since the end of the 1990s there has been an epidemic of sporotrichosis associated with transmission by cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 2,000 human cases and 3,000 animal cases have been reported. In humans, the lesions are usually restricted to the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, and adjacent lymphatic vessels. In cats, the disease can evolve with severe clinical manifestations and frequent systemic involvement. The gold standard for sporotrichosis diagnosis is culture. However, serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches have been recently adopted as auxiliary tools for the diagnosis of this mycotic infection. The first-choice treatment for both humans and cats is itraconazole.
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TL;DR: The atlas compiled by these editors is a commendable effort and welcome addition to the mycology textbook sector.
Abstract: The atlas compiled by these editors is a commendable effort and welcome addition to the mycology textbook sector. Up until now, the publication of medical mycology textbooks has been sparse and those that have been published are either too detailed for a resident in training or practicing physician or do not provide sufficient photographs or illustrations of the main features of the mycotic organisms. As a lecturer in mycology for the dermatology residents at my local teaching hospital and program, there are 3 key objectives of my mycology lectures: (1) to provide some type of organizational approach to mycotic organisms, (2) to provide a concise clinical history, and (3) to provide as many photographs and illustrations of mycotic organisms as possible. This atlas provides an exemplary addition to my book collection on medical mycology textbooks and sources for illustrations of mycotic organisms. The electron photomicrographs, photoplates, and line drawings of
965 citations
418 citations
TL;DR: This review describes the current knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology, prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and outbreaks due to S. schenckii sensu lato and delved into the nuances of how sporotrichosis is intimately linked to different forms of human activities, habitats, lifestyles, and environmental and zoonotic interactions.
Abstract: Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato. It has gained importance in recent years due to its worldwide prevalence, recognition of multiple cryptic species within the originally described species, and its distinctive ecology, distribution, and epidemiology across the globe. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology, prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and outbreaks due to S. schenckii sensu lato. Despite its omnipresence in the environment, this fungus has remarkably diverse modes of infection and distribution patterns across the world. We have delved into the nuances of how sporotrichosis is intimately linked to different forms of human activities, habitats, lifestyles, and environmental and zoonotic interactions. The purpose of this review is to stimulate discussion about the peculiarities of this unique fungal pathogen and increase the awareness of clinicians and microbiologists, especially in regions of high endemicity, to its emergence and evolving presentations and to kindle further research into understanding the unorthodox mechanisms by which this fungus afflicts different human populations.
327 citations
Cites background from "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrich..."
...Sporothrix mexicana has been recovered from the environment in Australia, Mexico, and Portugal and has been reported to cause occasional human infections [20]....
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...Sporotrichosis cases have been reported from Australia over the last three decades, especially in the eastern and western parts of the country....
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...Since sporotrichosis is not a reportable disease, its exact prevalence is unknown, but the disease has been reported in the United States, South America (Brazil, Columbia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru), Asia (China, India, Japan), and Australia [1]....
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...Furthermore, the isolates from western Australia were found to be different from those circulating in the eastern part of the country....
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...In general, the disease is observed in temperate and humid climates, with an average temperature between 20◦C and 25◦C and a relative humidity above 90% [1,107]....
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TL;DR: This treatment of the class Sordariomycetes provides up-to-date DNA based phylogenies for 45 orders and 163 families and provides general descriptions and illustrate the type genus or another genus, where the placement has generally been confirmed with molecular data.
Abstract: This is a continuation of the papers “Towards a classification of Sordariomycetes” (2015) and “Families of Sordariomycetes” (2016) in which we compile a treatment of the class Sordariomycetes. The present treatment is needed as our knowledge has rapidly increased, from 32 orders, 105 families and 1331 genera in 2016, to 45 orders, 167 families and 1499 genera (with 308 genera incertae sedis) at the time of publication. In this treatment we provide notes on each order, families and short notes on each genus. We provide up-to-date DNA based phylogenies for 45 orders and 163 families. Three new genera and 16 new species are introduced with illustrations and descriptions, while 23 new records and three new species combinations are provided. We also list 308 taxa in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis. For each family we provide general descriptions and illustrate the type genus or another genus, the latter where the placement has generally been confirmed with molecular data. Both the sexual and asexual morphs representative of a family are illustrated where available. Notes on ecological and economic considerations are also given.
213 citations
Cites background from "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrich..."
...Sporothrix schenckii lives in soil, plants and many mammals (Barros et al. 2011, Chakrabarti et al. 2015). The S. schenckii species complex occurs worldwide, being most commonly found in Africa, America and Asia (Sizar & Talati 2019). de Beer et al. (2013b) reported Sporothrix schenckii/Ophiostoma stenoceras is a species complex in Ophiostomasensu lato, representing a distinct genus in Ophiostomatales. Based on phylogenetic analyses of four gene regions (LSU, ITS, tub2, calM), de Beer et al. (2016b) concluded that Sporothrix was distinct from Ophiostoma sensu stricto, and synonymised Sporotrichopsis and...
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...Sporothrix schenckii lives in soil, plants and many mammals (Barros et al. 2011, Chakrabarti et al. 2015). The S. schenckii species complex occurs worldwide, being most commonly found in Africa, America and Asia (Sizar & Talati 2019). de Beer et al. (2013b) reported Sporothrix schenckii/Ophiostoma stenoceras is a species complex in Ophiostomasensu lato, representing a distinct genus in Ophiostomatales....
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TL;DR: The serological and molecular techniques are used as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis and/or for species identification, although the isolation and the identification of Sporothrix spp.
Abstract: In the late 90's there was a change in both the route of transmission and the people at risk for sporotrichosis. This zoonotic cat-man alternative transmission route elicited changes in strategies to control the epidemic. There was a progressive increase in the number of cases involving especially children and the elderly. In addition to becoming hyperendemic, uncommon clinical pictures like immunoreactive clinical presentations or severe systemic cases have emerged. New species were identified and classified through molecular tools using more virulent clinical isolates, like S. brasiliensis, compared to the environmental isolates. Likewise, different species of Sporothrix have been associated with different geographic regions. The serological and molecular techniques are used as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis and/or for species identification, although the isolation and the identification of Sporothrix spp. in clinical specimen is still the gold standard. Currently sporotrichosis epidemics requires the knowledge of the epidemiological-molecular profile to control the disease and the specific treatment. Itraconazole, potassium iodide, terfinafine, and amphotericin B are the available drugs in Brazil to treat sporotrichosis. The drug of choice, its posology, and treatment duration vary according to the clinical presentation, the Sporothrix species, and host immune status. New treatment choices, including a vaccine, are being developed; nevertheless, more clinical trials are required to confirm its efficacy.
204 citations
References
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TL;DR: This review focuses on the biology of A. fumigatus, one of the most ubiquitous of the airborne saprophytic fungi, and the diseases it causes, and discusses discussions of genomic and molecular characterization of the organism.
Abstract: Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most ubiquitous of the airborne saprophytic fungi. Humans and animals constantly inhale numerous conidia of this fungus. The conidia are normally eliminated in the immunocompetent host by innate immune mechanisms, and aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, uncommon clinical syndromes, are the only infections observed in such hosts. Thus, A. fumigatus was considered for years to be a weak pathogen. With increases in the number of immunosuppressed patients, however, there has been a dramatic increase in severe and usually fatal invasive aspergillosis, now the most common mold infection worldwide. In this review, the focus is on the biology of A. fumigatus and the diseases it causes. Included are discussions of (i) genomic and molecular characterization of the organism, (ii) clinical and laboratory methods available for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, (iii) identification of host and fungal factors that play a role in the establishment of the fungus in vivo, and (iv) problems associated with antifungal therapy.
2,083 citations
"Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrich..." refers background in this paper
...A series of virulence-related proteins, such as different adhesins, have been described for Aspergillus fumigatus, including a 30-kDa hemolysin containing several proteases that favor pulmonary colonization and destruction of effective humoral molecules and a 350-kDa catalase needed for phagocytosis survival (131)....
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01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: A review of the biology of Aspergillus fumigatus and the diseases it causes can be found in this article, where the authors discuss genomic and molecular characterization of the organism, clinical and laboratory methods available for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in immunocompetent and immunOCompromised hosts, identification of host and fungal factors that play a role in the establishment of the fungus in vivo, and problems associated with antifungal therapy.
Abstract: SUMMARY Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most ubiquitous of the airborne saprophytic fungi. Humans and animals constantly inhale numerous conidia of this fungus. The conidia are normally eliminated in the immunocompetent host by innate immune mechanisms, and aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, uncommon clinical syndromes, are the only infections observed in such hosts. Thus, A. fumigatus was considered for years to be a weak pathogen. With increases in the number of immunosuppressed patients, however, there has been a dramatic increase in severe and usually fatal invasive aspergillosis, now the most common mold infection worldwide. In this review, the focus is on the biology of A. fumigatus and the diseases it causes. Included are discussions of (i) genomic and molecular characterization of the organism, (ii) clinical and laboratory methods available for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, (iii) identification of host and fungal factors that play a role in the establishment of the fungus in vivo, and (iv) problems associated with antifungal therapy.
2,040 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: The Quality System Approach is intended to provide a guide to the development and use of such systems in the rapidly changing environment as to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency.
Abstract: ...................................................................................................................................................i Committee Membership..........................................................................................................................v Active Membership.............................................................................................................................. vii Foreword...............................................................................................................................................xv The Quality System Approach.............................................................................................................xvi
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TL;DR: The atlas compiled by these editors is a commendable effort and welcome addition to the mycology textbook sector.
Abstract: The atlas compiled by these editors is a commendable effort and welcome addition to the mycology textbook sector. Up until now, the publication of medical mycology textbooks has been sparse and those that have been published are either too detailed for a resident in training or practicing physician or do not provide sufficient photographs or illustrations of the main features of the mycotic organisms. As a lecturer in mycology for the dermatology residents at my local teaching hospital and program, there are 3 key objectives of my mycology lectures: (1) to provide some type of organizational approach to mycotic organisms, (2) to provide a concise clinical history, and (3) to provide as many photographs and illustrations of mycotic organisms as possible. This atlas provides an exemplary addition to my book collection on medical mycology textbooks and sources for illustrations of mycotic organisms. The electron photomicrographs, photoplates, and line drawings of
965 citations