Spray characterization of gasoline-ethanol blends from a multi-hole port fuel injector
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the measured spray structure and droplet size distributions of ethanol-gasoline blends for a low-pressure, multi-hole, port fuel injector (PFI).
About: This article is published in Fuel.The article was published on 2012-12-01. It has received 49 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Gasoline & Sauter mean diameter.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the spray and evaporation characteristics of ethanol and gasoline fuels injected from a multi-hole injector in a constant volume chamber, and found that ethanol evaporated more slowly than gasoline did in low temperature environment.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of gasoline and ethanol addition on the spray and atomization characteristics of diesel spray from a common rail injection system, was investigated in a constant volume chamber at different ambient and injection pressures.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of ethanol/gasoline mixtures with systematically varied composition is analyzed in order to investigate the mixture behavior at the molecular level.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of preheating temperature of biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on fuel spray characteristics and injection pump performance was investigated by using a fuel injection system apparatus in which the fuel was supplied into an injector using a singleplunger fuel injection pump.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Artium phase Doppler interferometer (PDI) was used for in situ measurements through a cylindrical window and comparative macroscopic spray characteristics in a firing Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) optical engine to a constant volume spray chamber (CVSC) for spray droplet size-velocity distributions.
Abstract: Macroscopic spray characteristics of a fuel injection system in an internal combustion (IC) engine have a direct impact on engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics. Nonintrusive in-cylinder measurements provide insights into the spray formation process for greater understanding of fuel-air mixing and combustion processes in an IC engine. In this paper, there are two parts: (a) procedure and methodology to configure the Artium phase Doppler interferometer (PDI) for in situ measurements through a cylindrical window and (b) comparative macroscopic spray characteristics in a firing Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) optical engine to a constant volume spray chamber (CVSC) for spray droplet size-velocity distributions. Binned average velocity and average Sauter mean diameter of spray droplets in a firing engine were compared with that of a CVSC. Probability density function of droplet diameters in the CVSC under ambient conditions and in the engine combustion chamber provides an insight into the comparative droplet size distributions and droplet dynamics. Discussion on challenges encountered during PDI measurements in the firing engine environment, safety protocols, and tools required is also included. In addition, shadowgraphy images have been used to discuss the details on spray boundaries and spray evolution. The droplet size distribution inside the engine combustion chamber was found to be significantly different from the one observed in the CVSC. An engine simulation model can be developed/validated by using the data reported in this manuscript for attaining superior accuracy in the model. This paper describes the comparisons of the spray droplet size and velocity distributions in a CVSC and in situ for a working GDI engine. Maximum spray droplet velocity components (Vx, Vy) under engine combustion chamber conditions were 29.8 m/s, 14.2 m/s whereas the corresponding velocities in the CVSC under ambient conditions they were 78.41 m/s, 23.92 m/s, respectively, showing a large difference between the traditional measurements in the CVSC simulating engine conditions, and actual firing engine conditions. This study also reports the very first attempt in the open literature to measure spray droplet size and velocity distribution measurements in a firing IC engine.
34 citations
References
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08 Feb 2000TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the literature on direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC) GDI engines is presented, as well as a discussion of their performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages.
Abstract: The development of four-stroke, spark-ignition engines that are designed to inject gasoline directly into the combustion chamber is an important worldwide initiative of the automotive industry. The thermodynamic potential of such engines for significantly enhanced fuel economy, transient response and cold-start hydrocarbon emission levels has led to a large number of research and development projects that have the goal of understanding, developing and optimizing gasoline direct-injection (GDI) combustion systems. The processes of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched, and this work is reviewed in detail and analyzed. The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing gasoline fuel injectors are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed.
The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations are of significant importance to engine researchers and developers. These data have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident when taken as a whole. Thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), NOx and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control techniques and aftertreatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and North American emission standards are compiled and discussed.
All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NOx catalysts on the development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous, direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed. All current information in the literature is used as the basis for discussing the future development of automotive GDI engines.
810 citations
"Spray characterization of gasoline-..." refers background in this paper
...6 MPa, indicating that the higher injection pressure leads to a finer spray, as expected - the SMD has been observed to decrease with increasing injection pressure for GDI, diesel and other types of injectors (11,12)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present current scientific knowledge on the subject of liquid jet deblurring and discuss the unresolved scientific issues, including the physical mechanisms involved in the deblating process.
Abstract: A liquid jet emanating from a nozzle into an ambient gas is inherently unstable. It may break up into drops of diameters comparable to the jet diameter or into droplets of diameters several orders of magnitude smaller. The sizes of the drops formed from a liquid jet without external control are in general not uniform. The sizes as well as the size distribution depend on the range of flow parameters in which the jet is produced. The jet breakup exhibits different characteristics in different regimes of the relevant flow parameters because of the different physical mechanisms involved. Some recent works based on linear stability theories aimed at the delineation of the different regimes and elucidation of the associated physical mechanisms are reviewed, with the intention of presenting current scientific knowledge on the subject. The unresolved scientific issues are pointed out.
752 citations
"Spray characterization of gasoline-..." refers background in this paper
...Thus, though the surface tension values are similar, the viscosity values are considerably different, and hence the atomization and thus the SMDs are expected to be different (14,15)....
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01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this article, a linear stability theory for small perturbations of straight free liquid jets moving in air is presented, and an estimate of the main droplet size emerging from capillary breakup is provided.
Abstract: This chapter deals with capillary instability of straight free liquid jets moving in air. It begins with linear stability theory for small perturbations of Newtonian liquid jets and discusses the unstable modes, characteristic growth rates, temporal and spatial instabilities and their underlying physical mechanisms. The linear theory also provides an estimate of the main droplet size emerging from capillary breakup. Formation of satellite modes is treated in the framework of either asymptotic methods or direct numerical simulations. Then, such additional effects like thermocapillarity, or swirl are taken into account. In addition, quasi-one-dimensional approach for description of capillary breakup is introduced and illustrated in detail for Newtonian and rheologically complex liquid jets (pseudoplastic, dilatant, and viscoelastic polymeric liquids).
406 citations
"Spray characterization of gasoline-..." refers background in this paper
...6 MPa, indicating that the higher injection pressure leads to a finer spray, as expected - the SMD has been observed to decrease with increasing injection pressure for GDI, diesel and other types of injectors (11,12)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a new carburetor was designed to solve the phase problem and increase the alcohol ratio in the total fuel by using ethanol-gasoline blend, the availability analysis of a spark-ignition engine was experimentally investigated.
356 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of ethanol addition to gasoline on an SI engine performance and exhaust emissions are investigated experimentally and theoretically, and the proposed SI engine cycle model has an ability of computing SI engine cycles when using ethanol and ethanol-gasoline blends and it can be used for further extensive parametric studies.
281 citations