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Journal ArticleDOI

Spread Spectrum from Two Perspectives

01 Jan 2003-Siam Review (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics)-Vol. 45, Iss: 3, pp 574-587
TL;DR: This article develops two facets of spread spectrum, showing how to understand the properties of direct sequence spread spectrum and how to design the pseudorandom sequences that spread spectrum transmitters and receivers generally use.
Abstract: Spread spectrum techniques are often employed when transmitting information. They are widely used in wireless and cellular telephony. Spread spectrum techniques allow one to partition bandwidth, to hide transmissions, and to protect one's transmissions from being jammed. In this article, we develop two facets of spread spectrum. We show how to understand the properties of direct sequence spread spectrum. For this purpose we use probabilistic arguments. We also show how to design the pseudorandom sequences that spread spectrum transmitters and receivers generally use. This leads us to consider the properties of recurrence relations (and polynomials) over the integers modulo 2.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss pseudorandom sequences and show how their properties make them nearly ideal for measuring the magnitude of the frequency response of a linear system, and provide an example of a measurement made using a pseudo-random sequence.
Abstract: A fundamental characteristic of a linear system is the system’s frequency response, T( f ). For each frequency, f, the frequency response T( f ) is a complex number. If Msin(2 π f t) is input to a system, the steady-state output of the system is |T( f )|Msin(2 π f t+ ∠ T( f )). There are many ways to measure the magnitude of the frequency response of a system. We consider three methods in the next section and explain why they are not optimal. Then we consider a method that uses pseudorandom sequences and explain why this method is optimal. We discuss pseudorandom sequences and show how their properties make them nearly ideal for measuring the magnitude of the frequency response of a system. We describe several implementations of pseudorandom sequence generators. Finally, we provide an example of a measurement made using a pseudorandom sequence. Pseudorandom sequences are used in audio applications to measure the properties of loudspeakers and of rooms. (See [7] and the references therein.) Additionally pseudorandom sequences are made use of in direct sequence spread spectrum [2].

17 citations

01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: Pseudorandom sequences are discussed and it is shown how their properties make them nearly ideal for measuring the magnitude of the frequency response of a system.
Abstract: There are many ways to measure the magnitude of the frequency response of a system. We consider three methods in the next section and explain why they are not optimal. Then we consider a method that uses pseudorandom sequences and explain why this method is optimal. We discuss pseudorandom sequences and show how their properties make them nearly ideal for measuring the magnitude of the frequency response of a system. We describe several implementations of pseudorandom sequence generators. Finally, we provide an example of a measurement made using a pseudorandom sequence. Pseudorandom sequences are used in audio applications to measure the properties of loudspeakers and of rooms. (See [7] and the references therein.) Additionally pseudorandom sequences are made use of in direct sequence spread spectrum [2].

12 citations


Cites methods from "Spread Spectrum from Two Perspectiv..."

  • ...) Additionally pseudorandom sequences are made use of in direct sequence spread spectrum [2]....

    [...]

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2008
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the response of piezoelectric elements to pseudorandom sequences may be correlated to the external pressure the pieziolectric element is subjected to.
Abstract: It is shown that the response of piezoelectric elements to pseudorandom sequences may be correlated to the external pressure the piezoelectric element is subjected to. Thus a static force sensor was developed based on this phenomenon. This is achieved by measuring the variations of the piezoelectric sensor series resonance branch (at its first resonance mode) which accurately reflects the measured force. A simple electronic interface circuit was designed to experimentally validate this new concept. Further, compared to previous piezoelectric sensors, the application of pseudorandom sequences allows for much increased rate of measurements.

8 citations


Cites background from "Spread Spectrum from Two Perspectiv..."

  • ...In this sense, a PN sequence is very similar to that of the white noise [4-6]....

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References
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Book
01 Jan 1983

25,017 citations


"Spread Spectrum from Two Perspectiv..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Spread spectrum transmission works by taking a signal that has most of its energy at low frequencies and smearing the signal’s spectral content in such a way that its energy is spread over a broad range of frequencies [8]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations and common geometric transformations provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image.
Abstract: This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.

6,194 citations


"Spread Spectrum from Two Perspectiv..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...This feature can be used to hide transmissions or to hide data (such as a digital watermark) inside other data[ 2 ]....

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Book
01 Jun 1981
TL;DR: The Revised Edition of Shift Register Sequences contains a comprehensive bibliography of some 400 entries which cover the literature concerning the theory and applications of shift register sequences.
Abstract: From the Publisher: Shift register sequences are used in a broad range of applications, particularly in random number generation, multiple access and polling techniques, secure and privacy communication systems, error detecting and correcting codes, and synchronization pattern generation, as well as in modern cryptographic systems. The first edition of Shift Register Sequences, published in 1967, has been for many years the definitive work on this subject. In the revised edition, Dr. Golomb has added valuable supplemental material. The Revised Edition contains a comprehensive bibliography of some 400 entries which cover the literature concerning the theory and applications of shift register sequences. Written in a clear and lucid style, Dr. Golomb's approach is completely mathematical with rigorous proofs of all assertions. The proofs, however, may be omitted without loss of continuity by the reader who is interested only in results. Dr. Golomb is considered one of the foremost experts in the world with respect to combinatorial and geometrical aspects of coded communications.

2,501 citations


"Spread Spectrum from Two Perspectiv..." refers background in this paper

  • ...This problem is addressed in [5] (in a limited fashion) and in [4]....

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  • ...For the proof of the second condition see the references in [5]....

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  • ...The proof of the first condition is given in [5]....

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Book
01 Jan 1958
TL;DR: The aim of this book is to clarify the role of noise in the development of linear and nonlinear systems and to provide a procedure forormalising the noise generated by these systems.
Abstract: Preface to the IEEE Press Edition. Preface. Errata. Introduction. Probability. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. Averages. Sampling. Spectral Analysis. Shot Noise. The Gaussian Process. Linear Systems. Noise Figures. Optimum Linear Systems. Nonlinear Devices: The Direct Method. Nonlinear Devices: The Transform Method. Statistical Detection Signals. Appendix 1: The Impulse Function. Appendix 2: Integral Equations. Bibliography. Index.

1,473 citations


"Spread Spectrum from Two Perspectiv..." refers background in this paper

  • ...(See [3] for more information on these topics....

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01 Jan 2000

12 citations


"Spread Spectrum from Two Perspectiv..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...During World War II a system known as SIGSALY was used to allow secure communications [1]....

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