Journal ArticleDOI
Stability and malleability of the self-concept.
Hazel Rose Markus,Ziva Kunda +1 more
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In this paper, the social environment was varied by creating a situation in which subjects found themselves to be either very unique or very similar to others, and subjects responded to a series of self-concept measures.Abstract:
The self-concept literature is characterized by a continuing controversy over whether the self-concept is stable or malleable. In this article we suggest that it is both but that the stability observed for general descriptions of the self may mask significant local variation. In this study the social environment was varied by creating a situation in which subjects found themselves to be either very unique or very similar to others. Following this manipulation, subjects responded to a series of self-concept measures. Although the uniqueness and similarity subjects did not differ in the trait terms they used to describe themselves, they did differ systematically in their latency for these judgments, in positivity and negativity of their word associations, and in their judgments of similarity to reference groups. These findings imply that subjects made to feel unique recruited conceptions of themselves as similar to others, whereas subjects made to feel similar to others recruited conceptions of themselves as unique. The results suggest that very general self-descriptive measures are inadequate for revealing how the individual adjusts and calibrates the self-concept in response to challenges from the social environment.read more
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The case for motivated reasoning.
TL;DR: It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs--that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion.
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The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
TL;DR: In this article, a model of optimal distinctiveness is proposed in which social identity is viewed as a reconciliation of opposing needs for assimilation and differentiation from others, and individuals avoid self-construals that are either too personalized or too inclusive and instead define themselves in terms of distinctive category memberships.
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Implicit memory: History and current status.
TL;DR: A survey of implicit memory and its relation to explicit memory can be found in this paper, where the authors present an historical survey of observations concerning implicit memory, reviews the findings of contemporary experimental research, and delineates the strengths and weaknesses of alternative theoretical accounts of implicit memories.
Journal ArticleDOI
Provisional Selves: Experimenting with Image and Identity in Professional Adaptation
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe how people adapt to new roles by experimenting with provisional selves that serve as trials for possible but not yet fully elaborated professional identities, and how people experiment with different identities in different contexts.
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Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Todd F. Heatherton,Janet Polivy +1 more
TL;DR: The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) as mentioned in this paper is a modified version of the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (Janis & Field, 1959).
References
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Book
The interpersonal theory of psychiatry
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe how Sullivan traced from early infancy to adulthood the formation of the person, opening the way to a deeper understanding of mental disorders in later life, using a developmental approach to psychiatry.
Journal ArticleDOI
Self-schemata and processing information about the self.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of schemata in processing information about the self is examined by linking self-schemata to a number of specific empirical referents, and the relationship of self-schemeata to cross-situational consistency in behavior is discussed.