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Journal ArticleDOI

Standard for Reporting Concentrations of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in Natural Waters.

09 Jun 1961-Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)-Vol. 133, Iss: 3467, pp 1833-1834
TL;DR: A standard, based on the set of ocean water samples used by Epstein and Mayeda to obtain a reference standard for oxygen-18 data, but defined relative to the National Bureau of Standards isotopic reference water sample, is proposed for reporting both deuterium and oxygen- 18 variations in natural watersrelative to the same water.
Abstract: A standard, based on the set of ocean water samples used by Epstein and Mayeda to obtain a reference standard for oxygen-18 data, but defined relative to the National Bureau of Standards isotopic reference water sample, is proposed for reporting both deuterium and oxygen-18 variations in natural waters relative to the same water. The range of absolute concentrations of both isotopes in meteoric-waters is discussed.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1964-Tellus A
TL;DR: In this paper, the isotopic fractionation of water in simple condensation-evaporation processes is considered quantitatively on the basis of the fractionation factors given in section 1.2.
Abstract: In chapter 2 the isotopic fractionation of water in some simple condensation-evaporation processes are considered quantitatively on the basis of the fractionation factors given in section 1.2. The condensation temperature is an important parameter, which has got some glaciological applications. The temperature effect (the δ's decreasing with temperature) together with varying evaporation and exchange appear in the “amount effect” as high δ's in sparse rain. The relative deuterium-oxygen-18 fractionation is not quite simple. If the relative deviations from the standard water (S.M.O.W.) are called δ D and δ 18 , the best linear approximation is δ D = 8 δ 18 . Chapter 3 gives some qualitative considerations on non-equilibrium (fast) processes. Kinetic effects have heavy bearings upon the effective fractionation factors. Such effects have only been demonstrated clearly in evaporation processes, but may also influence condensation processes. The quantity d = δ D −8 δ 18 is used as an index for non-equilibrium conditions. The stable isotope data from the world wide I.A.E.A.-W.M.O. precipitation survey are discussed in chapter 4. The unweighted mean annual composition of rain at tropical island stations fits the line δ D = 4.6 δ 18 indicating a first stage equilibrium condensation from vapour evaporated in a non-equilibrium process. Regional characteristics appear in the weighted means. The Northern hemisphere continental stations, except African and Near East, fit the line δ D = 8.0 δ 18 + 10 as far as the weighted means are concerned (δ D = 8.1 δ 18 + 11 for the unweighted) corresponding to an equilibrium Rayleigh condensation from vapour, evaporated in a non-equilibrium process from S.M.O.W. The departure from equilibrium vapour seems even higher in the rest of the investigated part of the world. At most stations the δ D and varies linearily with δ 18 with a slope close to 8, only at two stations higher than 8, at several lower than 8 (mainly connected with relatively dry climates). Considerable variations in the isotopic composition of monthly precipitation occur at most stations. At low latitudes the amount effect accounts for the variations, whereas seasonal variation at high latitudes is ascribed to the temperature effect. Tokyo is an example of a mid latitude station influenced by both effects. Some possible hydrological applications are outlined in chapter 5. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00181.x

7,081 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 1961-Science
TL;DR: The relationship between deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in natural meteoric waters from many parts of the world has been determined with a mass spectrometer and shows a linear correlation over the entire range for waters which have not undergone excessive evaporation.
Abstract: The relationship between deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in natural meteoric waters from many parts of the world has been determined with a mass spectrometer. The isotopic enrichments, relative to ocean water, display a linear correlation over the entire range for waters which have not undergone excessive evaporation.

6,721 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a technique was developed in which bromine pentafluoride was used as a reagent for quantitative liberation of oxygen from oxides and silicates, and the results of isotopic analyses were compared with measurements made in other laboratories by other procedures.

2,636 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the isotope fractionations that accompany the evaporation from the ocean and other surface waters and the reverse process of rain formation account for the most notable changes.
Abstract: Changes of the isotopic composition of water within the water cycle provide a recognizable signature, relating such water to the different phases of the cycle. The isotope fractionations that accompany the evaporation from the ocean and other surface waters and the reverse process of rain formation account for the most notable changes. As a result, meteoric waters are depleted in the heavy isotopic species of H and O relative to ocean waters, whereas waters in evaporative systems such as lakes, plants, and soilwaters are relatively enriched. During the passage through the aquifers, the isotope composition of water is essentially a conservative property at ambient temperatures, but at elevated temperatures, interaction with the rock matrix may perturb the isotope composition. These changes of the isotope composition in atmospheric waters, surface water, soil, and groundwaters, as well as in the biosphere, are applied in the characterization of hydrological system as well as indicators of paleo-climatological conditions in proxy materials in climatic archives, such as ice, lake sediments, or organic materials.

2,010 citations


Cites background or methods from "Standard for Reporting Concentratio..."

  • ...…of HC Urey, using the Nier-McKinney double-inlet, double-collector mass-spectrometer (Nier 1947, Mckinney et al 1950), it has been observed that freshwater samples are depleted in the heavy isotopes, whereas the residue of evaporating surface waters such as African lakes are enriched (Craig 1961b)....

    [...]

  • ...These are the lines inδ-space whose formula isδ(D) = 8δ(18O)+ d, where d has been named the “deuterium excess” parameter by Dansgaard (1964); obviously the GMWL (Craig 1961b) is one such meteoric water line with d= 10‰....

    [...]

  • ...4.3 Lakes and Other Surface Waters The enrichment of the heavy isotopic species in residual surface waters as a result of the isotopic fractionation that accompanies evaporation was recognized long ago (Craig 1961b)....

    [...]

  • ...The ocean, being the largest water reservoir and relatively homogeneous, was chosen as the reference standard for theδ scale of both oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in water samples (Craig 1961a)....

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DOI
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the APSO Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards (APSO) and SCOR Working Group (SCOR) have published a joint report on oceanographic tables and standards.
Abstract: Endorsed by Unesco/SCOR/ICES/lAPSO Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards and SCOR Working Group 51

1,534 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...…E-5 b3 = - 8.2467 E-7 b4 = + 5.3875 E-9 Co = - 5.72466E-3 C1 = + 1.0227 E-4 C2 = - 1.6546 E-6 dO = + 4.8314 E-4 The density of the reference pure water (SMOw, Craig, 1961) is given by (IUPAC, 1976) (l4 ) where a * - + 999.842594 [-28.263737]o - a1 = + 6.793952 E-2 a2 = - 9.095290 E-3 a3 = + 1....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 1961-Science
TL;DR: The relationship between deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in natural meteoric waters from many parts of the world has been determined with a mass spectrometer and shows a linear correlation over the entire range for waters which have not undergone excessive evaporation.
Abstract: The relationship between deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in natural meteoric waters from many parts of the world has been determined with a mass spectrometer. The isotopic enrichments, relative to ocean water, display a linear correlation over the entire range for waters which have not undergone excessive evaporation.

6,721 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Niee's and Solenhofen standards were compared to the Chicago PDB standard for carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, and the correction factors for instrumental effects and for the nature of the mass spectra were derived.

4,071 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A number of marine water and fresh water samples were examined for the relative O18O16 ratio, and the variation of this ratio was determined to a precision of ± 1% as mentioned in this paper.

3,113 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
09 Jun 1961-Science
TL;DR: Alpine plants of Oxyria digyna have higher apparent photosynthesis rates at various carbon dioxide concentrations than arctic, sea-level plants of the same species, which may be involved in the survival of plants at high elevations.
Abstract: Alpine plants of Oxyria digyna have higher apparent photosynthesis rates at various carbon dioxide concentrations than arctic, sea-level plants of the same species. The ability to utilize carbon dioxide effectively at low concentrations may be involved in the survival of plants at high elevations.

62 citations