Standard for Reporting Concentrations of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in Natural Waters.
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Cites background or methods from "Standard for Reporting Concentratio..."
...…of HC Urey, using the Nier-McKinney double-inlet, double-collector mass-spectrometer (Nier 1947, Mckinney et al 1950), it has been observed that freshwater samples are depleted in the heavy isotopes, whereas the residue of evaporating surface waters such as African lakes are enriched (Craig 1961b)....
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...These are the lines inδ-space whose formula isδ(D) = 8δ(18O)+ d, where d has been named the “deuterium excess” parameter by Dansgaard (1964); obviously the GMWL (Craig 1961b) is one such meteoric water line with d= 10‰....
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...4.3 Lakes and Other Surface Waters The enrichment of the heavy isotopic species in residual surface waters as a result of the isotopic fractionation that accompanies evaporation was recognized long ago (Craig 1961b)....
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...The ocean, being the largest water reservoir and relatively homogeneous, was chosen as the reference standard for theδ scale of both oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in water samples (Craig 1961a)....
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Additional excerpts
...…E-5 b3 = - 8.2467 E-7 b4 = + 5.3875 E-9 Co = - 5.72466E-3 C1 = + 1.0227 E-4 C2 = - 1.6546 E-6 dO = + 4.8314 E-4 The density of the reference pure water (SMOw, Craig, 1961) is given by (IUPAC, 1976) (l4 ) where a * - + 999.842594 [-28.263737]o - a1 = + 6.793952 E-2 a2 = - 9.095290 E-3 a3 = + 1....
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