Stark Effect in Rapidly Varying Fields
TL;DR: In this article, a method is developed for calculating the effects of a strong oscillating field on two states of a quantum-mechanical system which are connected by a matrix element of the field.
Abstract: A method is developed for calculating the effects of a strong oscillating field on two states of a quantum-mechanical system which are connected by a matrix element of the field. Explicit approximate solutions are obtained for a variety of special cases, and the results of numerical computations are given for others. The effect of an rf field on the $J=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ $l$-type doublet microwave absorption lines of OCS has been studied in particular both experimentally and theoretically. Each line was observed to split into two components when the frequency of the rf field was near 12.78 Mc or 38.28 Mc, which are the frequencies separating the $J=1$ and $J=2$ pairs of levels, respectively. By measuring the rf frequency, ${\ensuremath{
u}}_{0}$, at which the microwave lines are split into two equally intense components, one may determine the separation between the energy levels. The measured value of ${\ensuremath{
u}}_{0}$ depends upon the intensity of the rf field and the form of this dependence has been calculated and found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the atomic dynamics and the optical response of the medium to a continuous-wave laser and show how coherently prepared media can be used to improve frequency conversion in nonlinear optical mixing experiments.
Abstract: Coherent preparation by laser light of quantum states of atoms and molecules can lead to quantum interference in the amplitudes of optical transitions. In this way the optical properties of a medium can be dramatically modified, leading to electromagnetically induced transparency and related effects, which have placed gas-phase systems at the center of recent advances in the development of media with radically new optical properties. This article reviews these advances and the new possibilities they offer for nonlinear optics and quantum information science. As a basis for the theory of electromagnetically induced transparency the authors consider the atomic dynamics and the optical response of the medium to a continuous-wave laser. They then discuss pulse propagation and the adiabatic evolution of field-coupled states and show how coherently prepared media can be used to improve frequency conversion in nonlinear optical mixing experiments. The extension of these concepts to very weak optical fields in the few-photon limit is then examined. The review concludes with a discussion of future prospects and potential new applications.
4,218 citations
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...The generalization of this coherent situation to driven three-level atoms leads to many new phenomena, some of which, such as Autler-Townes split- ting Autler and Townes, 1955 , dark states, and EIT, will be the subject of this review....
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TL;DR: In the past 20 years, impressive progress has been made both experimentally and theoretically in superconducting quantum circuits, which provide a platform for manipulating microwave photons as mentioned in this paper, and many higher-order effects, unusual and less familiar in traditional cavity quantum electrodynamics with natural atoms, have been experimentally observed.
909 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic physical ideas behind electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) are elucidated and the relation of EIT to other processes involving laser-induced atomic coherence, such as coherent population trapping, coherent adiabatic population transfer and lasing without inversion, is discussed.
Abstract: The subject of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reviewed in this paper. Emphasis is placed on the experimental work reported in this field since 1990. Theoretical work is also covered, although it is not intended to review all the very numerous recent theoretical treatments on this topic. The basic physical ideas behind EIT are elucidated. The relation of EIT to other processes involving laser-induced atomic coherence, such as coherent population trapping, coherent adiabatic population transfer and lasing without inversion, is discussed. Experimental work is described covering the following topics: EIT with pulsed and continuous-wave sources, lasing without inversion, pulse propagation in a laser dressed medium and EIT in nonlinear optical processes. A full set of references and a bibliography are included.
892 citations
Cites background from "Stark Effect in Rapidly Varying Fie..."
...Other relevant early work includes the investigation of dressing of two-level systems by strong microwave ®elds (Autler± Townes splitting) [96], and work on photon echoes in two-level systems [97]....
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TL;DR: A review of photo-association spectroscopy at ultracold temperatures can be found in this article, where a sampling of results including the determination of scattering lengths, their control via optical Feshbach resonances, precision determinations of atomic lifetimes from molecular spectra, limits on photoassociation rates in a Bose-Einstein condensate, and briefly, production of cold molecules.
Abstract: Photoassociation is the process in which two colliding atoms absorb a photon to form an excited molecule. The development of laser-cooling techniques for producing gases at ultracold !!1 mK" temperatures allows photoassociation spectroscopy to be performed with very high spectral resolution. Of particular interest is the investigation of molecular states whose properties can be related, with high precision, to the properties of their constituent atoms with the “complications” of chemical binding accounted for by a few parameters. These include bound long-range or purely long-range vibrational states in which two atoms spend most or all of their time at large internuclear separations. Low-energy atomic scattering states also share this characteristic. Photoassociation techniques have made important contributions to the study of all of these. This review describes what is special about photoassociation spectroscopy at ultracold temperatures, how it is performed, and a sampling of results including the determination of scattering lengths, their control via optical Feshbach resonances, precision determinations of atomic lifetimes from molecular spectra, limits on photoassociation rates in a Bose-Einstein condensate, and briefly, production of cold molecules. Discussions are illustrated with examples on alkali-metal atoms as well as other species. Progress in the field is already past the point where this review can be exhaustive, but an introduction is provided on the capabilities of photoassociation spectroscopy and the techniques presently in use.
717 citations
TL;DR: In the past 20 years, impressive progress has been made both experimentally and theoretically in superconducting quantum circuits, which provide a platform for manipulating microwave photons as mentioned in this paper, and many higher-order effects, unusual and less familiar in traditional cavity quantum electrodynamics with natural atoms, have been experimentally observed.
Abstract: In the past 20 years, impressive progress has been made both experimentally and theoretically in superconducting quantum circuits, which provide a platform for manipulating microwave photons. This emerging field of superconducting quantum microwave circuits has been driven by many new interesting phenomena in microwave photonics and quantum information processing. For instance, the interaction between superconducting quantum circuits and single microwave photons can reach the regimes of strong, ultra-strong, and even deep-strong coupling. Many higher-order effects, unusual and less familiar in traditional cavity quantum electrodynamics with natural atoms, have been experimentally observed, e.g., giant Kerr effects, multi-photon processes, and single-atom induced bistability of microwave photons. These developments may lead to improved understanding of the counterintuitive properties of quantum mechanics, and speed up applications ranging from microwave photonics to superconducting quantum information processing. In this article, we review experimental and theoretical progress in microwave photonics with superconducting quantum circuits. We hope that this global review can provide a useful roadmap for this rapidly developing field.
700 citations
Cites background from "Stark Effect in Rapidly Varying Fie..."
...55 2 6.1.2 ATS and EIT in superconducting quantum circuits . . . . . . . . . 57 6.2 Sideband transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 6.3 Strongly driven multiphoton processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6.4 Lasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.4.1 Lasing with population inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.4.2 Lasing without population inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...6.1 Mollow triplet, Autler–Townes splitting, and electromagnetically induced transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 6.1.1 ATS versus EIT: the details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Closely related to the Mollow triplet is Autler–Townes splitting (ATS) [499, 758],...
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...By instead driving the |1〉 ↔ |2〉 transition with an amplitude Ω, an Autler–Townes splitting [499] (see also Sec....
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