State of the art of self-etch adhesives

doi:10.1016/J.DENTAL.2010.10.023

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State of the art of self-etch adhesives

Journal Article•DOI•

State of the art of self-etch adhesives

B. Van Meerbeek¹, Kumiko Yoshihara¹, Yasuhiro Yoshida², Atsushi Mine², J. De Munck¹, K.L. Van Landuyt¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

Catholic University of Leuven¹, Okayama University²

01 Jan 2011-Dental Materials (Elsevier)-Vol. 27, Iss: 1, pp 17-28

TL;DR: The major shortcomings of the most simple-to-use one-step (self-etch) adhesives are addressed and special attention is devoted to the AD-concept and the benefit of chemical interfacial interaction with regard to bond durability.

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Abstract: This paper reflects on the state of the art of self-etch adhesives anno 2010. After presenting the general characteristics of self-etch adhesives, the major shortcomings of the most simple-to-use one-step (self-etch) adhesives are addressed. Special attention is devoted to the AD-concept and the benefit of chemical interfacial interaction with regard to bond durability. Finally, issues like the potential interference of surface smear and the more challenging bond to enamel for ‘mild’ self-etch adhesives are discussed.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Progress in dimethacrylate-based dental composite technology and curing efficiency

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Julian Leprince¹, William M. Palin², Mohammed A. Hadis², Jacques Devaux¹, Gaëtane Leloup¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Université catholique de Louvain¹, University of Birmingham²

01 Feb 2013-Dental Materials

TL;DR: A review of the key factors affecting the polymerization efficiency of light-activated resin-based composites highlights the apparent need for a more informative approach by manufacturers to relay appropriate information in order to optimize material properties of resin composites used in daily practice.

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Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This work aims to review the key factors affecting the polymerization efficiency of light-activated resin-based composites. The different properties and methods used to evaluate polymerization efficiency will also be critically appraised with focus on the developments in dental photopolymer technology and how recent advances have attempted to improve the shortcomings of contemporary resin composites. METHODS: Apart from the classical literature on the subject, the review focused in particular on papers published since 2009. The literature research was performed in Scopus with the terms "dental resin OR dimethacrylate". The list was screened and all papers relevant to the objectives of this work were included. RESULTS: Though new monomer technologies have been developed and some of them already introduced to the dental market, dimethacrylate-based composites still currently represent the vast majority of commercially available materials for direct restoration. The photopolymerization of resin-based composites has been the subject of numerous publications, which have highlighted the major impact of the setting process on material properties and quality of the final restoration. Many factors affect the polymerization efficiency, be they intrinsic; photoinitiator type and concentration, viscosity (co-monomer composition and ratio, filler content) and optical properties, or extrinsic; light type and spectrum, irradiation parameters (radiant energy, time and irradiance), curing modes, temperature and light guide tip positioning. SIGNIFICANCE: This review further highlights the apparent need for a more informative approach by manufacturers to relay appropriate information in order for dentists to optimize material properties of resin composites used in daily practice.

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426 citations

Cites background from "State of the art of self-etch adhes..."

...Such trends are due affinity with tooth tissue [2]....
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...[2] Van Meerbeek B, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Mine A, De Munck J, Van Landuyt KL....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Bond strength of universal adhesives: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Wellington Luiz de Oliveira da Rosa¹, Evandro Piva¹, Adriana Fernandes da Silva¹•Institutions (1)

Universidade Federal de Pelotas¹

01 Jul 2015-Journal of Dentistry

TL;DR: The enamel bond strength of universal adhesives is improved with prior phosphoric acid etching, however, this effect was not evident for dentin with the use of mild universalAdhesives with the etch-and-rinse strategy.

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Abstract: a b s t r a c t Objectives: A systematic review was conducted to determine whether the etch-and-rinse or self-etching mode is the best protocol for dentin and enamel adhesion by universal adhesives. Data: This report followed the PRISMA Statement. A total of 10 articles were included in the meta-analysis.

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400 citations

Cites background or methods from "State of the art of self-etch adhes..."

...8,9 Thus, these adhesives are easy-to-use, have a faster application procedure and are less susceptible of differences in the operator’s technique when compared with multi-step etch-and-rinse adhesives.(1,10)...
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...On the other hand, self-etch adhesives contain acid resin monomers that simultaneously “condition” and “prime” the dental substrates and do not require a prior phosphoric acid etching step.(1) These types of adhesive only dissolve the smear layer and do not remove the dissolved calcium phosphates....
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..., sound, carious, sclerotic dentin, as well as enamel).(1) Considering the differences in professional judgment regarding the selection of the adhesive...
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...The etch-and-rinse strategy involves the prior application of phosphoric acid, which, at enamel, produces deep etch-pits in the hydroxyapatite (HAp)-rich substrate and, at dentin, demineralizes up to a depth of a few micrometers to expose an HAp-deprived collagen mesh.(1,3) Thus, etch-and-rinse adhesives are available for use in three steps (acid etching, primer and adhesive) or two steps (primer and adhesive joined into one single material)....
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...On dentin, this process is called ‘hybridization’ and involves the formation of the hybrid layer that contain with resin-infiltrated collagen fibrils.(1,2) Phosphoric acid etching (30-40%) of dentin promotes superficial dentin demineralization and collaborates in the removal of the smear layer, leading to the exposure of the collagen fibrils....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Strategies to prevent hydrolytic degradation of the hybrid layer—A review

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Leo Tjäderhane¹, Fabio D. Nascimento, Lorenzo Breschi², Annalisa Mazzoni², Ivarne L.S. Tersariol³, Ivarne L.S. Tersariol⁴, Saulo Geraldeli⁵, Arzu Tezvergil-Mutluay⁶, Marcela Carrilho⁷, Ricardo M. Carvalho⁸, Franklin R. Tay⁹, David H. Pashley⁹ - Show less +8 more•Institutions (9)

Oulu University Hospital¹, University of Trieste², Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes³, Federal University of São Paulo⁴, University of Florida⁵, University of Turku⁶, University of Western Ontario⁷, University of British Columbia⁸, Georgia Regents University⁹

01 Oct 2013-Dental Materials

TL;DR: This review will examine both the principles and outcomes of techniques to prevent collagen hydrolysis in dentin-resin interfaces, and shows that enzyme inhibition is a promising approach to improve hybrid layer preservation and bond strength durability.

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Abstract: Objective Endogenous dentin collagenolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins, are responsible for the time-dependent hydrolysis of collagen matrix of hybrid layers. As collagen matrix integrity is essential for the preservation of long-term dentin bond strength, inhibition of endogenous dentin proteases is necessary for durable resin-bonded restorations. Methods Several tentative approaches to prevent enzyme function have been proposed. Some of them have already demonstrated clinical efficacy, while others need to be researched further before clinical protocols can be proposed. This review will examine both the principles and outcomes of techniques to prevent collagen hydrolysis in dentin–resin interfaces. Results Chlorhexidine, a general inhibitor of MMPs and cysteine cathepsins, is the most tested method. In general, these experiments have shown that enzyme inhibition is a promising approach to improve hybrid layer preservation and bond strength durability. Other enzyme inhibitors, e.g. enzyme-inhibiting monomers, may be considered promising alternatives that would allow more simple clinical application than chlorhexidine. Cross-linking collagen and/or dentin matrix-bound enzymes could render hybrid layer organic matrices resistant to degradation. Alternatively, complete removal of water from the hybrid layer with ethanol wet bonding or biomimetic remineralization should eliminate hydrolysis of both collagen and resin components. Significance Understanding the function of the enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of hybrid layer collagen has prompted several innovative approaches to retain hybrid layer integrity and strong dentin bonding. The ultimate goal, prevention of collagen matrix degradation with clinically applicable techniques and commercially available materials may be achievable in several ways.

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332 citations

Cites background from "State of the art of self-etch adhes..."

...[83] Van Meerbeek B, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Mine A, De Munck J, Van Landuyt KL....
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...Even though the concept of chemical bonding with SE adhesives to dentin hydroxyapatite is, in a strict sense, not aiming to inhibit dentin enzymatic function, it has been suggested to preserve the long-term collagen integrity in the hybrid layer [83]....
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...016 believed to minimize nanoleakage, leave a substantial amount of hydroxyapatite around the collagen fibrils to mask the collagen cleavage site and keep the enzymes “fossilized” [83]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Self-assembled Nano-layering at the Adhesive Interface

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Yasuhiro Yoshida¹, Kumiko Yoshihara², Noriyuki Nagaoka¹, Satoshi Hayakawa¹, Yasuhiro Torii¹, Tatsuyuki Ogawa¹, Akiyoshi Osaka¹, B. Van Meerbeek² - Show less +4 more•Institutions (2)

Okayama University¹, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven²

01 Feb 2012-Journal of Dental Research

TL;DR: Describing adhesive-dentin interfaces chemically and ultrastructurally revealed nano-layering at the adhesive interface, not only within the hybrid layer but also, particularly for Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), extending into the adhesive layer.

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Abstract: According to the 'Adhesion-Decalcification' concept, specific functional monomers within dental adhesives can ionically interact with hydroxyapatite (HAp). Such ionic bonding has been demonstrated for 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) to manifest in the form of self-assembled 'nano-layering'. However, it remained to be explored if such nano-layering also occurs on tooth tissue when commercial MDP-containing adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray; Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE) were applied following common clinical application protocols. We therefore characterized adhesive-dentin interfaces chemically, using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and ultrastructurally, using (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM). Both adhesives revealed nano-layering at the adhesive interface, not only within the hybrid layer but also, particularly for Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), extending into the adhesive layer. Since such self-assembled nano-layering of two 10-MDP molecules, joined by stable MDP-Ca salt formation, must make the adhesive interface more resistant to biodegradation, it may well explain the documented favorable clinical longevity of bonds produced by 10-MDP-based adhesives.

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308 citations

Cites background or result from "State of the art of self-etch adhes..."

...This finding favors the use of a ‘mild’ self-etch rather than an ‘etch-and-rinse’ approach with dentin (Van Meerbeek et al., 2011)....
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...Selectively etching enamel combined with a ‘mild’ self-etch adhesive can therefore today be recommended to achieve effective and durable bonding to tooth enamel and dentin (Van Meerbeek et al., 2011)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dentin bonding systems: From dentin collagen structure to bond preservation and clinical applications

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Lorenzo Breschi¹, Tatjana Maravic², Sandra Ribeiro Cunha³, Allegra Comba¹, Milena Cadenaro⁴, Leo Tjäderhane⁵, David H. Pashley⁶, Franklin R. Tay⁶, Annalisa Mazzoni¹ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (6)

University of Bologna¹, University of Novi Sad², University of São Paulo³, University of Trieste⁴, Oulu University Hospital⁵, Georgia Regents University⁶

01 Jan 2018-Dental Materials

TL;DR: This study critically discusses the available peer-reviewed research concerning the formation and preservation of the hybrid layer (HL), the mechanisms that lead to the degradation of the HL as well as the strategies to prevent it.

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Abstract: Objectives Efforts towards achieving durable resin–dentin bonds have been made for decades, including the understanding of the mechanisms underlying hybrid layer (HL) degradation, manufacturing of improved adhesive systems, as well as developing strategies for the preservation of the HL. Methods This study critically discusses the available peer-reviewed research concerning the formation and preservation of the HL, the mechanisms that lead to the degradation of the HL as well as the strategies to prevent it. Results The degradation of the HL occurs through two main mechanisms: the enzymatic degradation of its collagen fibrils, and the leaching of the resin from the HL. They are enabled by residual unbound water between the denuded collagen fibrils, trapped at the bottom of the HL. Consequently, endogenous dentinal enzymes, such as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins are activated and can degrade the denuded collagen matrix. Strategies for the preservation of the HL over time have been developed, and they entail the removal of the unbound water from the gaps between the collagen fibrils as well as different modes of silencing endogenous enzymatic activity. Significance Although there are many more hurdles to be crossed in the field of adhesive dentistry, impressive progress has been achieved so far, and the vast amount of available research on the topic is an indicator of the importance of this matter and of the great efforts of researchers and dental material companies to reach a new level in the quality and longevity of resin–dentin bonds.

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261 citations

Cites background from "State of the art of self-etch adhes..."

...[5] Van Meerbeek B, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Mine A, De Munck J, Van Landuyt KL....
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References

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Journal Article•

Buonocore memorial lecture, adhesion to enamel and dentin: current status and future challenges

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Bart Van Meerbeek¹, Jan De Munck, Yasuhiro Yoshida, Satoshi Inoue, Marcos A. Vargas, Padmini Vijay, Kirsten Van Landuyt, Paul Lambrechts, Guido Vanherle - Show less +5 more•Institutions (1)

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven¹

01 May 2003-Operative Dentistry

TL;DR: The basic bonding mechanism to enamel and dentin of these three approaches is demonstrated by means of ultramorphological and chemical characterization of tooth-biomaterial interfacial interactions and confirms that conventional three-step etch&rinse adhesives still perform most favorably and are most reliable in the long-term.

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Abstract: Bonding to tooth tissue can be achieved through an "etch&rinse," "self-etch" or "glass-ionomer" approach. In this paper, the basic bonding mechanism to enamel and dentin of these three approaches is demonstrated by means of ultramorphological and chemical characterization of tooth-biomaterial interfacial interactions. Furthermore, bond-strength testing and measurement of marginal-sealing effectiveness (the two most commonly employed methodologies to determine "bonding effectiveness" in the laboratory) are evaluated upon their value and relevance in predicting clinical performance. A new dynamic methodology to test biomaterial-tooth bonds in a fatigue mode is introduced with a recently developed micro-rotary fatigue-testing device. Eventually, today's adhesives will be critically weighted upon their performance in diverse laboratory studies and clinical trials. Special attention has been given to the benefits/drawbacks of an etch&rinse versus a self-etch approach and the long-term performance of these adhesives. Correlating data gathered in the laboratory with clinical results clearly showed that laboratory research CAN predict clinical effectiveness. Although there is a tendency to simplify bonding procedures, the data presented confirm that conventional three-step etch&rinse adhesives still perform most favorably and are most reliable in the long-term. Nevertheless, a self-etch approach may have the best future perspective. Clinically, when adhesives no longer require an "etch&rinse" step, the application time, and probably more importantly, the technique-sensitivity are substantially reduced. Especially "mild," two-step self-etch adhesives that bond through a combined micromechanical and chemical interaction with tooth tissue closely approach conventional three-step systems in bonding performance.

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1,721 citations

"State of the art of self-etch adhes..." refers background in this paper

...[27] Van Meerbeek B, De Munck J, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Vargas M, Vijay P, et al....
[...]
...On the other hand, it also underlines the great advanage of mild self-etch adhesives as they keep collagen not only ncapsulated and thus protected by HAp, but also provide the otential to chemically interact with HAp [27,29]....
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...The resultant two-fold micro-mechanical and chemial bonding mechanism of mild self-etch adhesives closely esembles that of glass-ionomers [27,45]....
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...echanically interlocked in the created porosities [27]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dental adhesion review: Aging and stability of the bonded interface

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Lorenzo Breschi¹, Annalisa Mazzoni², Alessandra Ruggeri², Milena Cadenaro¹, Roberto Di Lenarda¹, E. Dorigo¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

University of Trieste¹, University of Bologna²

01 Jan 2008-Dental Materials

TL;DR: This study critically discusses the latest peer-reviewed reports related to formation, aging and stability of resin bonding, focusing on the micro and nano-phenomena related to adhesive interface degradation.

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Abstract: Objective Most of current dental adhesive systems show favorable immediate results in terms of retention and sealing of bonded interface, thereby counteracting polymerization shrinkage that affects resin-based restorative materials Despite immediate efficacy, there are major concerns when dentin bonded interfaces are tested after aging even for short time period, ie 6 months Methods This study critically discusses the latest peer-reviewed reports related to formation, aging and stability of resin bonding, focusing on the micro and nano-phenomena related to adhesive interface degradation Results Most simplified one-step adhesives were shown to be the least durable, while three-step etch-and-rinse and two-step self-etch adhesives continue to show the highest performances, as reported in the overwhelming majority of studies In other words, a simplification of clinical application procedures is done to the detriment of bonding efficacy Among the different aging phenomena occurring at the dentin bonded interfaces, some are considered pivotal in degrading the hybrid layer, particularly if simplified adhesives are used Insufficient resin impregnation of dentin, high permeability of the bonded interface, sub-optimal polymerization, phase separation and activation of endogenous collagenolytic enzymes are some of the recently reported factors that reduce the longevity of the bonded interface

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1,086 citations

"State of the art of self-etch adhes..." refers background in this paper

...[38] Breschi L, Mazzoni A, Ruggeri A, Cadenaro M, Di Lenarda R, De Stefano DE....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Comparative Study on Adhesive Performance of Functional Monomers

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Yasuhiro Yoshida¹, K. Nagakane, R. Fukuda, Y. Nakayama, Masayuki Okazaki, Hideaki Shintani, Satoshi Inoue, Yoh-ichi Tagawa, Kazuomi Suzuki, J. De Munck, B. Van Meerbeek - Show less +7 more•Institutions (1)

Okayama University¹

01 Jun 2004-Journal of Dental Research

TL;DR: Besides self-etching dentin, specific functional monomers have additional chemical bonding efficacy that is expected to contribute to their adhesive potential to tooth tissue.

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Abstract: Mild self-etch adhesives demineralize dentin only partially, leaving hydroxyapatite around collagen within a submicron hybrid layer. We hypothesized that this residual hydroxyapatite may serve as a receptor for chemical interaction with the functional monomer and, subsequently, contribute to adhesive performance in addition to micro-mechanical hybridization. We therefore chemically characterized the adhesive interaction of 3 functional monomers with synthetic hydroxyapatite, using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We further characterized their interaction with dentin ultra-morphologically, using transmission electron microscopy. The monomer 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) readily adhered to hydroxyapatite. This bond appeared very stable, as confirmed by the low dissolution rate of its calcium salt in water. The bonding potential of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic acid (4-MET) was substantially lower. The monomer 2-methacryloxyethyl phenyl hydrogen phosphate (phenyl-P) and its bond to hydroxyapatite did not appear to be hydrolytically stable. Besides self-etching dentin, specific functional monomers have additional chemical bonding efficacy that is expected to contribute to their adhesive potential to tooth tissue.

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1,035 citations

"State of the art of self-etch adhes..." refers background in this paper

...micro-mechanical interlocking is a prerequisite to achieve good bonding (certainly within clinical circumstances), the potential benefit of additional chemical interaction between functional monomers and tooth substrate components has recently regained attention [28,29]....
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...In this sense, the chemical bonding promoted by 10-MDP is not only more effective, but also more stable in water than that provided by 4-MET and phenyl-P, in this order [29]....
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...[29] Yoshida Y, Nagakane K, Fukuda R, Nakayama Y, Okazaki M, Shintani H, et al....
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...On the other hand, it also underlines the great advanage of mild self-etch adhesives as they keep collagen not only ncapsulated and thus protected by HAp, but also provide the otential to chemically interact with HAp [27,29]....
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...in 2004 using XPS (or X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy) [29]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Collagen Degradation by Host-derived Enzymes during Aging

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David H. Pashley¹, Franklin R. Tay², Cky Yiu², Mamoru Hashimoto³, Lorenzo Breschi⁴, Ricardo M. Carvalho⁵, Shuichi Ito⁶ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (6)

Georgia Regents University¹, University of Hong Kong², Hokkaido University³, University of Trieste⁴, University of São Paulo⁵, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido⁶

01 Mar 2004-Journal of Dental Research

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that collagen degradation occurred over time, via host-derived matrix metalloproteinases that are released slowly over time through proteolytic enzyme inhibitors or mineral oil.

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Abstract: Incompletely infiltrated collagen fibrils in acid-etched dentin are susceptible to degradation. We hypothesize that degradation can occur in the absence of bacteria. Partially demineralized collagen matrices (DCMs) prepared from human dentin were stored in artificial saliva. Control specimens were stored in artificial saliva containing proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, or pure mineral oil. We retrieved them at 24 hrs, 90 and 250 days to examine the extent of degradation of DCM. In the 24-hour experimental and 90- and 250-day control specimens, we observed 5- to 6-microm-thick layers of DCM containing banded collagen fibrils. DCMs were almost completely destroyed in the 250-day experimental specimens, but not when incubated with enzyme inhibitors or mineral oil. Functional enzyme analysis of dentin powder revealed low levels of collagenolytic activity that was inhibited by protease inhibitors or 0.2% chlorhexidine. We hypothesize that collagen degradation occurred over time, via host-derived matrix metalloproteinases that are released slowly over time.

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962 citations

"State of the art of self-etch adhes..." refers background in this paper

...[40] Pashley DH, Tay FR, Yiu C, Hashimoto M, Breschi L, Carvalho RM, et al....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives: a systematic review of current clinical trials.

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Marleen Peumans¹, P. Kanumilli¹, J. De Munck¹, K.L. Van Landuyt¹, Paul Lambrechts¹, B. Van Meerbeek¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Catholic University of Leuven¹

01 Sep 2005-Dental Materials

TL;DR: Comparison of retention of class-V adhesive restorations as a measure to determine clinical bonding effectiveness of adhesives revealed that glass‐ionomers most effectively and durably bond to tooth tissue.

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Abstract: Summary Objectives. The purpose of this paper was to review current literature on the clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives when used to restore cervical non-carious class-V lesions. Restoration retention in function of time was recorded in order to find out if adhesives with a simplified application procedure are as clinically effective as conventional three-step adhesives. Data sources. Literature published from January 1998 up to May 2004 was reviewed for university-centred clinical trials that tested the clinical effectiveness of adhesives in non-carious class-V lesions. Restoration‐retention rates per adhesive reported in peerreviewed papers as well as IADR‐AADR abstracts and ConsEuro abstracts were included and depicted as a function of time in graphs for each of the five adhesive classes (threeand two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives, two- and one-step self-etch adhesives, and glass‐ionomers). The guidelines for dentin and enamel adhesive materials advanced by the American Dental Association were used as a reference. Per class, the annual failure rate (%) was calculated. Kruskal‐Wallis analysis and Dwass‐Steel‐Chritchlow‐Fligner pairwise comparisons were used to determine statistical differences between the annual failure percentages of the five adhesive categories. Results. Comparison of retention of class-V adhesive restorations as a measure to determine clinical bonding effectiveness of adhesives revealed that glass‐ionomers most effectively and durably bond to tooth tissue. Three-step etch-and-rinse adhesives and two-step self-etch adhesives showed a clinically reliable and predictably good clinical performance. The clinical effectiveness of two-step etchand-rinse adhesives was less favourable, while an inefficient clinical performance was noted for the one-step self-etch adhesives. Significance. Although there is a tendency towards adhesives with simplified application procedures, simplification so far appears to induce loss of effectiveness.

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744 citations

"State of the art of self-etch adhes..." refers background in this paper

...[1] Peumans M, Kanumilli P, De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B....
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...Glass-ionomers have indeed been ecorded with the lowest annual failure rate with regard to lass-V adhesive restorations [1,26]....
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...Finally, inferior clinical performance of one-step adhesives confirmed the less favorable laboratory findings, while it must also be said that the latest generation of one-step adhesives definitely perform better [1,26]....
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