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Steam injection into saturated porous media : process analysis including experimental and numerical investigations

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TLDR
In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of non-isothermal multi-phase system emerging during steam injection into saturated porous media and developed a numerical model to identify important processes and parameters influencing the system behavior.
Abstract
The extensive use of chemicals in industry coupled with the lack of understanding their potential threat to the environment and human health has resulted in substantial soil and groundwater contamination during the 20th century in many industrialized areas. Sites contaminated by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL's) turned out to be rather problematic. The fact that DNAPL's have a higher density than water enables them to migrate below the ground water table causing extensive contaminations in the saturated zone. Conventional remediation techniques show major difficulties in the remediation of DNAPL and induced the development of innovative remediation techniques for such sites. One of the most promising is the injection of steam into the subsurface. This technique has been successfully applied to the remediation of DNAPL contaminations in the unsaturated zone. Today, the application of steam injection for the treatment of contaminations in the saturated zone is in the focus of research interest. Although the physical processes elapsing during steam injection are basically the same either in the saturated and unsaturated zone, there are distinct differences in their relevancy. This work contributes to increasing the insight into the non-isothermal multi-phase system emerging during steam injection into saturated porous media. An essential prerequisite for this is to identify and understand important processes and parameters influencing the system behavior. First, experimental investigations are carried out in a saturated two-dimensional flume. The established understanding of the system behavior was incorporated into the development of a numerical model. In this process, special attention was placed on an accurate description of system behavior and a robust operation of the model. Instabilities occurring at fully saturated conditions were analyzed, and appropriate measures were taken to prevent them. The developed model was subsequently used for simulating steam injection experiments and later utilized for the verification of the model code. In order to demonstrate the predictive qualities of the model, a field scale steam injection was simulated. The experimental and numerical investigations resulted in an improved understanding of the non-isothermal multi-phase system emerging during steam injection into saturated porous media. The relevant processes and parameters influencing the propagation of the steam front at saturated conditions could be identified. This provided the possibility of deriving characteristic typecurves for steam propagation in saturated porous media. Der massive Einsatz von synthetischen Chemikalien in der Industrie fuhrte in der Vergangenheit zu erheblichen Verunreinigungen des Untergrundes und somit auch des Grundwassers. Besonders problematisch sind Verunreinigungen mit Schadstoffen aus der Gruppe der DNAPL (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), da diese schon in geringen Konzentrationen human-toxisch sind und im Verdacht stehen krebserregend zu sein. DNAPL's haben eine grosere Dichte als Wasser und konnen somit zu Verunreinigungen in der mit Grundwasser gesattigten Bodenzone fuhren. Konventionellen Verfahren wie z.B. Pump & Treat haben oftmals erhebliche Schwierigkeiten das Sanierungs- ziel bei DNAPL Schadensfallen zu erreichen. Dies initiierte die Entwicklung einer Reihe innovativer Technologien fur die Sanierung solcher Schadensfalle. Ein viel versprechendes Verfahren ist dabei die thermische Sanierung mittels Dampfinjektion. Das Verfahren der Dampfinjektion ist bereits erfolgreich fur Schadensfalle in der ungesattigten Bodenzone oberhalb des Grundwasserspiegels eingesetzt worden. DNAPL Schadensfalle sind jedoch nicht auf die ungesattigte Bodenzone beschrankt und deshalb wird momentan die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens zur Sanierung von Kontaminationen in der gesattigten Bodenzone untersucht. Obwohl die Prozesse der Dampfausbreitung dabei prinzipiell ahnlich sind, wie in der ungesattigten Bodenzone, so kann sich dennoch deren Einflus auf das Prozessverhalten stark unterscheiden. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte das Prozessverstandnis fur das nicht-isotherme Mehrphasensystem, welches sich bei der Dampfinjektion in ein gesattigtes poroses Medium einstellt, verbessert werden. Eine essentielle Voraussetzung dafur war die Identifikation der relevanten Prozesse und Parameter. Dazu wurden in einem ersten Schritt experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Dampfinjektion in einer zweidimensionalen Kuvette durchgefuhrt. Das gewonnene Prozessverstandnis wurde in die Entwicklung eines numerischen Modells einbezogen. Dabei wurde auf eine moglichst exakte Wiedergabe des Prozessverhaltens und ein robustes Verhalten des numerischen Modells Wert gelegt. Probleme, die auftraten wurden analysiert und geeignete Masnahmen getroffen um diese zu umgehen. Das numerische Modell wurde im Anschlus zur Simulation der durchgefuhrten Experimente verwendet und konnte dabei erfolgreich verifiziert werden. Die Prognosefahigkeit des Modells wurde durch die Simulation der Dampfausbreitung im Vorfeld einer Pilot-Sanierung unter Beweis gestellt. Die Verknupfung von experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen resultierte in einem verbesserten Prozessverstandnis des untersuchten Mehrphasensystems. Die fur die Dampfausbreitung in einem gesattigten porosen Medium relevanten Prozesse und Parameter konnten identifiziert und Planungshilfen zur Abschatzung der Dampfausbreitung entwickelt werden.

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Citations
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Regionalization of an event based Nash cascade model for flood predictions in ungauged basins

TL;DR: In this paper, an event based hourly Nash cascade model was developed to derive the direct runoff hydrograph from rainfall time series, which was implemented on a semi-distributed scale.
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Evaluation of CO2 injection processes in geological formations for site screening

Andreas Kopp
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Investigation of evapotranspiration concepts in hydrological modelling for climate change impact assessment

TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the representation of the evapotranspiration (ET) process, and the suitability of nine different ET models was investigated in a theoretical investigation, the sensitivity of the ET models to only a small change in temperature was found to be very different.
References
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A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils

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E.C. Childs
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Journal ArticleDOI

Properties of Porous Media Affecting Fluid Flow

TL;DR: In this article, a theory is presented that develops the functional relationships among saturation, pressure difference, and permeabilities of air and liquid in terms of hydraulic properties of partially saturated porous media, based only on the capillary pressure-desaturation relationships for porous media.
Journal ArticleDOI

Systematic Packing of Spheres: With Particular Relation to Porosity and Permeability

TL;DR: In this article, the underlying principles of porosity and permeability of uniform spheres are investigated, and the relationships disclosed, important wherever orderly distribution of points or particles is involved, are especially treated as the underlying principle.