Steganography in arrhythmic electrocardiogram signal
05 Nov 2015-Vol. 2015, pp 1409-1412
TL;DR: This study evaluates the performance of ECG steganography to ensure secured transmission of patient data where an abnormal ECG signal is used as cover signal and metrics such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Percentage Residual Difference, Kullback-Leibler distance and Bit Error Rate are used.
Abstract: Security and privacy of patient data is a vital requirement during exchange/storage of medical information over communication network. Steganography method hides patient data into a cover signal to prevent unauthenticated accesses during data transfer. This study evaluates the performance of ECG steganography to ensure secured transmission of patient data where an abnormal ECG signal is used as cover signal. The novelty of this work is to hide patient data into two dimensional matrix of an abnormal ECG signal using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition based steganography method. A 2D ECG is constructed according to Tompkins QRS detection algorithm. The missed R peaks are computed using RR interval during 2D conversion. The abnormal ECG signals are obtained from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. Metrics such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Percentage Residual Difference, Kullback-Leibler distance and Bit Error Rate are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach.
Citations
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TL;DR: This work proposes a reversible, low-payload steganographic scheme for preserving the privacy of physiological signals, which is both reversible and blind like other Hamming-code based schemes.
37 citations
28 Jul 2017
TL;DR: Based on the literature reviews, the reliability, robustness, and energy efficiency of this proposed method are unmatched in comparison with any other published methods.
Abstract: In this paper, an innovative idea of secure and energy efficient electrocardiogram steganography based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is proposed, in which different important ECG data are steganographed with variable embedding strengths so that the reconstructed ECG signal quality is preserved. Incorporating the proposed Unequal Steganography Embedding (USE) with Unequal Error Protection (UEP), the proposed scheme further improves transmission performance in terms of ECG signal quality, ensures the confidentiality as well as reliability of a user's data, and makes the transmission more energy efficient. Simulation results demonstrate that USE attains very low distortion (WWPRD less than 0.45 %). Furthermore, high correlation between host and stego ECG and ECG data remains diagnosable after steganography. Based on our literature reviews, the reliability, robustness, and energy efficiency of this proposed method are unmatched in comparison with any other published methods.
11 citations
Cites background or methods from "Steganography in arrhythmic electro..."
...Steganography is one of the approaches in which the secret information is hidden inside the cover medical images [8-20]....
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...They also proposed steganography in arrhythmic ECG signal [20], in which patient data is hidden into two dimensional matrices of an abnormal ECG signal using DWT-SVD....
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...[19-20] proposed robust ECG steganography techniques....
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TL;DR: Experimental work on the assessment of the loss of ECG (electrocardiogram signal) diagnostic quality from the industrial standard EN60601-2-25:2015 point of view is presented and the Symlet of 11-th order is found as the best of the wavelets that were tested.
Abstract: Watermarking is currently investigated as an efficient and safe method of embedding additional patient or environment-related data into the electrocardiogram. This paper presents experimental work on the assessment of the loss of ECG (electrocardiogram signal) diagnostic quality from the industrial standard EN60601-2-25:2015 point of view. We implemented an original time-frequency watermarking technique with an adaptive beat-to-beat lead-independent data container design. We tested six wavelets, six coding bit depth values (including the automatic noise-dependent one) and two types of watermark content to find the conditions that are necessary for watermarked ECG to maintain the compliance with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) requirements for interpretation performance. Unlike other authors, we did not assess the differences of signal values, but errors in ECG wave delineation results. The results of a total of 7300 original and watermarked 10 s ECGs were statistically processed to reveal possible interpretation quality degradation due to watermarking. Finally we found (1) the Symlet of 11-th order as the best of the wavelets that were tested; (2) the important role of ECG wave delineation and noise tracking procedures; (3) the high influence of the watermark-to-noise similarity of amplitude and values distribution and (4) the stability of the watermarking capacity for different heart rates in atrial rhythms.
10 citations
Cites background from "Steganography in arrhythmic electro..."
...Recently, Jero and Ramu studied the watermarking of arrhythmic ECG signal [22] and proposed replacing regular wavelets by curvelets-based transform to hide valuable patient information into the ECG signal [23,24]....
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...000 reversible watermarking, 20 arrhythmia ECG files from Massachussetts Institute of Technology-Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) Database [36] Jero [22] 0....
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01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: The chapter contributes to ECG Steganography by investigating the Bernoulli's chaotic map for 2D ECG image steganography.
Abstract: Signal processing technology comprehends fundamental theory and implementations for processing data. The processed data is stored in different formats. The mechanism of electrocardiogram (ECG) steganography hides the secret information in the spatial or transformed domain. Patient information is embedded into the ECG signal without sacrificing the significant ECG signal quality. The chapter contributes to ECG steganography by investigating the Bernoulli's chaotic map for 2D ECG image steganography. The methodology adopted is 1) convert ECG signal into the 2D cover image, 2) the cover image is loaded to steganography encoder, and 3) secret key is shared with the steganography decoder. The proposed ECG steganography technique stores 1.5KB data inside ECG signal of 60 seconds at 360 samples/s, with percentage root mean square difference of less than 1%. This advanced 2D ECG steganography finds applications in real-world use which includes telemedicine or telecardiology.
8 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey on data hiding techniques for smart healthcare applications is presented in this article, where the authors introduce various aspects of data hiding along with major properties, generic embedding and extraction process, and recent applications.
Abstract: Due to smart healthcare systems highly connected information and communications technologies, sensitive medical information and records are easily transmitted over the networks. However, stealing of healthcare data is increasing crime every day to greatly impact on financial loss. In order to this, researchers are developing various cost-effective bio-signal based data hiding techniques for smart healthcare applications. In this paper, we first introduce various aspects of data hiding along with major properties, generic embedding and extraction process, and recent applications. This survey provides a comprehensive survey on data hiding techniques, and their new trends for solving new challenges in real-world applications. Then, we survey the various notable bio-signal based data hiding techniques. The summary of some notable techniques in terms of their objective, type of data hiding, methodology and database used, performance metrics, important features, and limitations are also presented in tabular form. At the end, we discuss the major issues and research directions to explore the promising areas for future research.
7 citations
References
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TL;DR: A real-time algorithm that reliably recognizes QRS complexes based upon digital analyses of slope, amplitude, and width of ECG signals and automatically adjusts thresholds and parameters periodically to adapt to such ECG changes as QRS morphology and heart rate.
Abstract: We have developed a real-time algorithm for detection of the QRS complexes of ECG signals. It reliably recognizes QRS complexes based upon digital analyses of slope, amplitude, and width. A special digital bandpass filter reduces false detections caused by the various types of interference present in ECG signals. This filtering permits use of low thresholds, thereby increasing detection sensitivity. The algorithm automatically adjusts thresholds and parameters periodically to adapt to such ECG changes as QRS morphology and heart rate. For the standard 24 h MIT/BIH arrhythmia database, this algorithm correctly detects 99.3 percent of the QRS complexes.
6,686 citations
"Steganography in arrhythmic electro..." refers methods in this paper
...Pan and Tompkins QRS detection algorithm is used to find the R peaks and its location which is named as fiducial points [8]....
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01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: An Act to improve portability and continuity of health insurance coverage in the group and individual markets, to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health insurance and health care delivery, to promote the use of medical savings accounts, to improve access to long-term care services and coverage.
Abstract: An Act To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to improve portability and continuity of health insurance coverage in the group and individual markets, to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health insurance and health care delivery, to promote the use of medical savings accounts, to improve access to long-term care services and coverage, to simplify the administration of health insurance, and for other purposes.
535 citations
23 Sep 1990
TL;DR: A compact-disk ROM containing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Boston's Beth Israel Hospital (BIH) Arrhythmia Database as well as a large number of supplementary recordings assembled for various research projects was produced.
Abstract: A compact-disk ROM containing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Boston's Beth Israel Hospital (BIH) Arrhythmia Database as well as a large number of supplementary recordings assembled for various research projects was produced. In all, the CD-ROM contains approximately 600 megabytes of digitized electrocardiograms (ECG) recordings, most with beat-by-beat annotations, having a total duration in excess of 200 hours. The CD-ROM format makes this substantial collection of ECGs accessible to researchers with PCs as well as those with larger computer systems. The contents of the CD-ROM and the issues involved in its production are described. Software for use with the CD-ROM as well as for development of similar databases is also described. >
367 citations
"Steganography in arrhythmic electro..." refers methods in this paper
...Arrhythmic ECG signals from 101m to 109m are obtained from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database [7]....
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TL;DR: A wavelet-based steganography technique has been introduced which combines encryption and scrambling technique to protect patient confidential data and it is found that the proposed technique provides high-security protection for patients data with low distortion and ECG data remain diagnosable after watermarking.
Abstract: With the growing number of aging population and a significant portion of that suffering from cardiac diseases, it is conceivable that remote ECG patient monitoring systems are expected to be widely used as point-of-care (PoC) applications in hospitals around the world. Therefore, huge amount of ECG signal collected by body sensor networks from remote patients at homes will be transmitted along with other physiological readings such as blood pressure, temperature, glucose level, etc., and diagnosed by those remote patient monitoring systems. It is utterly important that patient confidentiality is protected while data are being transmitted over the public network as well as when they are stored in hospital servers used by remote monitoring systems. In this paper, a wavelet-based steganography technique has been introduced which combines encryption and scrambling technique to protect patient confidential data. The proposed method allows ECG signal to hide its corresponding patient confidential data and other physiological information thus guaranteeing the integration between ECG and the rest. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique on the ECG signal, two distortion measurement metrics have been used: the percentage residual difference and the wavelet weighted PRD. It is found that the proposed technique provides high-security protection for patients data with low (less than 1%) distortion and ECG data remain diagnosable after watermarking (i.e., hiding patient confidential data) and as well as after watermarks (i.e., hidden data) are removed from the watermarked data.
162 citations
"Steganography in arrhythmic electro..." refers methods in this paper
...proposed an ECG steganography method to conceal patient’s data in their ECG signal [3]....
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...Quantization method [5], Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm [3], Singular Value...
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01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: Comparative results with existing quality measures show that the new measure is insensitive to error variation, is accurate, and correlates very well with subjective tests.
Abstract: Electrocardiograph (ECG) compression techniques are gaining momentum due to the huge database requirements and wide band communication channels needed to maintain high quality ECG transmission. Advances in computer software and hardware enable the birth of new techniques in ECG compression, aiming at high compression rates. In general, most of the introduced ECG compression techniques depend on their evaluation performance on either inaccurate measures or measures targeting random behavior of error. In this paper, a new wavelet-based quality measure is proposed. A new wavelet-based quality measure is proposed. The new approach is based on decomposing the segment of interest into frequency bands where a weighted score is given to the band depending on its dynamic range and its diagnostic significance. A performance evaluation of the measure is conducted quantitatively and qualitatively. Comparative results with existing quality measures show that the new measure is insensitive to error variation, is accurate, and correlates very well with subjective tests
152 citations
"Steganography in arrhythmic electro..." refers methods in this paper
...The higher PSNR and the lowest PRD values of performance metrics appears that the better imperceptibility to the watermark and lowest deterioration of cover signal respectively....
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...The difference between cover and stego signal is estimated using Percentage Residual Difference (PRD) [10]....
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...The total number of samples in the original and reconstructed 1D arrhythmic ECG signal, the similarity measure PRD of these two signals and the resultant dimension of 2D ECG matrix are given in table I....
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...The minimal value of PRD in Table II shows that the current approach introduced least changes in cover signal....
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...The square difference between cover and stego ECG signal is estimated using PRD as given in Eq....
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