Storage and Flow of Solids
01 Jan 1964-
About: The article was published on 1964-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 585 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Flow (mathematics).
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate how the remaining impurities (i.e. non-lactose components) affect the caking tendency of the final powder, and the results from a combination of different methods, including dynamic vapor sorption, characterization of the physicochemical composition and assessment of caking with a ring shear tester, suggested humidity caking.
18 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: The feasibility of a twin-screw extruder for a continuous wet granulation process was investigated in this article, where the impact of different screw configurations and process parameters on granule and tablet properties was evaluated.
Abstract: The feasibility of a twin-screw extruder for a continuous wet granulation process was investigated. On the one hand the impact of different screw configurations and process parameters on granule and tablet properties was evaluated. On the other hand mixing properties of several screw configurations were tested with respect to a continuous process including mixing and granulation in one process step. Furthermore a comparison of differently sized twin-screw extruders was performed to evaluate differences and similarities between both machines. Screw configuration had a major impact on granulation behaviour. The tested screw configurations led to similar granule characteristics irrespective whether lactose or mannitol, as water-soluble substances, or dicalcium phosphate, as a water-insoluble substance, was agglomerated. Conveying elements generally produced easy-flowing granules with the highest amounts of fines, porosity values and thus highest granule friabilities. Combing mixer elements also produced easy-flowing granules with less amounts of fines and lower porosity. Kneading blocks achieved free-flowing granules with negligible amounts of fines and the lowest porosities. In general increasing granule porosity led to higher tensile strengths of tablets. Finally the element combination of kneading block and combing mixer element proved to be the screw configuration of choice for all substances. Agglomeration behaviour of the tested screw configurations was comparable for 2kg/h and 6kg/h powder feed rate respectively, providing the possibility of a simple increase in material output regarding a possible scale-up. Process parameters also had an influence on granule characteristics. Amounts of fines and granule friability decreased with higher water content as well as with increasing screw speeds. More abrasive granules resulted with increasing powder feed rate. Distributive mixing was tested concerning water and API content of granule samples. Almost all tested screw elements, except the 15mm pitch conveying element, showed good distributive properties. Dispersive mixing was achieved by the use of kneading blocks. Conveying elements and combing mixer elements showed hardly any dispersive properties. Comparison of two differently sized twin-screw extruders showed that the extruder type had a high influence on properties of lactose or dicalcium phosphate granules. Next to extruder type, total input rate significantly affected granule particle size distribution, whereas screw speed did not have a significant influence in these experiments. An increasing total input rate amplified agglomeration of water-soluble and water-insoluble substances resulting in lower amounts of fines and coarser granules. Due to a difference in free chamber volume for the passing material, different granule properties were achieved: the larger extruder produced coarser granules with lower amount of fines due to a higher mechanical input realised by a smaller free chamber volume. The smaller sized extruder led to granules with higher amount of fines and less oversized agglomerates due to less mechanical input. However, both extruders produced easy- or free-flowing granules. For both substances the resulting tablets did not show an influence of extruder type or process variable. The results proved that both extruders are not simply replaceable for a given formulation since the resulting granules possessed different properties. However continuous granulation using a twin-screw extruder proved to be a robust process.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the flow properties of a roller press were measured in the low stress range 1-50 kPa at the shear rate about 1 mm/min, but this does not fit the stressing conditions in the roller press.
Abstract: The most important design parameters for roller presses can be referred to flow characteristic of bulk materials. Usually the flow properties are measured in the low stress range 1–50 kPa at the shear rate about 1 mm/min. But this does not fit the stressing conditions in the roller press. Press shear cell was used for shear tests with cohesive limestone powder from Gummern in the so-called medium pressure range 50–1000 kPa.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the spatial non-uniformities and temporal fluctuations in the normal stress transmitted across a sheared granular layer have been studied through a combination of experiments in a Jenike shear cell equipped with normal force transducers imbedded on the bottom shearing surface and discrete element method (DEM) simulations.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of surcharge pressure on wall pressure distribution and arching behavior in mass-flow structures, and measured the wall pressure and critical outlet dimension under different surcharge pressures and at various filling levels.
17 citations