Straight forward analysis and design of the near-field direct antenna modulation
01 Dec 2020-Aeu-international Journal of Electronics and Communications (Urban & Fischer)-Vol. 127, pp 153461
TL;DR: To find the field of view and analyze the NFDAM system, an analytical and straight forward approach for the radiation pattern and bit error rate spatial distribution is presented and an expression is also proposed for calculating the input impedance for each symbol.
Abstract: Full analysis with straight forward approach and a general procedure for designing the near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) system is presented. In this paper, the required formulas are derived for calculating the Z-matrix elements of the NFDAM system and then, by using them, a set of switching combinations for the desired modulation is chosen. Also, to find the field of view and analyze the NFDAM system, an analytical and straight forward approach for the radiation pattern and bit error rate spatial distribution is presented. In addition, since the input impedance of the NFDAM system changes by changing the switching combination, an expression is also proposed for calculating the input impedance for each symbol. Furthermore, the design process and finally, two examples of designing the NFADM system are given. All calculated results are compared and validated with different simulations, to evaluate the proposed analysis and design. All simulations show the high accuracy of the proposed analysis.
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Book•
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The most up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design as mentioned in this paper provides an extended coverage of ABET design procedures and equations making meeting ABET requirements easy and preparing readers for authentic situations in industry.
Abstract: The most-up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design Expanded coverage of design procedures and equations makes meeting ABET design requirements easy and prepares readers for authentic situations in industry New coverage of microstrip antennas exposes readers to information vital to a wide variety of practical applicationsComputer programs at end of each chapter and the accompanying disk assist in problem solving, design projects and data plotting-- Includes updated material on moment methods, radar cross section, mutual impedances, aperture and horn antennas, and antenna measurements-- Outstanding 3-dimensional illustrations help readers visualize the entire antenna radiation pattern
14,065 citations
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The most up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design is the IEEE 802.11 as mentioned in this paper, which provides detailed coverage of ABET design procedures and equations, making meeting ABET requirements easy and preparing readers for authentic situations in industry.
Abstract: The most-up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design. Expanded coverage of design procedures and equations makes meeting ABET design requirements easy and prepares readers for authentic situations in industry. New coverage of microstrip antennas exposes readers to information vital to a wide variety of practical applications.Computer programs at end of each chapter and the accompanying disk assist in problem solving, design projects and data plotting.-- Includes updated material on moment methods, radar cross section, mutual impedances, aperture and horn antennas, and antenna measurements.-- Outstanding 3-dimensional illustrations help readers visualize the entire antenna radiation pattern.
2,907 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an approach for the synthesis of a single antenna array from a single-antenna array using a modified version of Taylor's Taylor diagram and a modified Taylor diagram with a modified ring side lobe topography.
Abstract: Foreword to the Revised Edition. Preface to the Revised Edition. Preface. I SOURCE-FIELD RELATIONS SINGLE ANTENNA ELEMENTS. 1 The Far-Field Integrals, Reciprocity, Directivity. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Electrostatics and Magnetostatics in Free Space. 1.3 The Introduction of Dielectric, Magnetic, and Conductive Materials. 1.4 Time-Varying Fields. 1.5 The Retarded Potential Functions. 1.6 Poynting's Theorem. 1.7 The Stratton-Chu Solution. 1.8 Conditions at Infinity. 1.9 Field Values in the Excluded Regions. 1.10 The Retarded Potential Functions: Reprise. 1.11 The Far Field: Type I Antennas. 1.12 The Schelkunoff Equivalence Principle. 1.13 The Far Field: Type IL Antennas. 1.14 The Reciprocity Theorem. 1.15 Equivalence of the Transmitting and Receiving Patterns of an Antenna. 1.16 Directivity and Gain. 1.17 Receiving Cross Section. 1.18 Polarization of the Electric Field. 2 Radiation Patterns of Dipoles, Loops, and Helices. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Center-Fed Dipole. 2.3 Images in a Ground Plane. 2.4 A Monopole Above a Ground Plane. 2.5 A Dipole in Front of a Ground Plane. 2.6 The Small Current Loop. 2.7 Traveling Wave Current on a Loop. 2.8 The End-Fire Helix. 3 Radiation Patterns of Horns, Slots and Patch Antennas. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The Open-Ended Waveguide. 3.3 Radiation from Horns. 3.4 Center-Fed Slot in Large Ground Plane. 3.5 Waveguide-Fed Slots. 3.6 Theory of Waveguide-Fed Slot Radiators. 3.7 Patch Antennas. II ARRAY ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS. 4 Linear Arrays: Analysis. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Pattern Formulas for Arrays with Arbitrary Element Positions. 4.3 Linear Arrays: Preliminaries. 4.4 Schelkunoff's Unit Circle Representation. 5 Linear Arrays: Synthesis. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Sum and Difference Patterns. 5.3 Dolph-Chebyshev Synthesis of Sum Patterns. 5.4 Sum Pattern Beamwidth of Linear Arrays. 5.5 Peak Directivity of the Sum Pattern of a Linear Array. 5.6 A Relation Between Beamwidth and Peak Directivity for Linear Arrays. 5.7 Taylor Synthesis of Sum Patterns. 5.8 Modified Taylor Patterns. 5.9 Sum Patterns with Arbitrary Side Lobe Topography. 5.10 Discretization of a Continuous Line Source Distribution. 5.11 Bayliss Synthesis of Difference Patterns. 5.12 Difference Patterns with Arbitrary Side Lobe Topography. 5.13 Discretization Applied to Difference Patterns. 5.14 Design of Linear Arrays to Produce Null-Free Patterns. 6 Planar Arrays: Analysis and Synthesis. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Rectangular Grid Arrays: Rectangular Boundary and Separable Distribution. 6.3 Circular Taylor Patterns. 6.4 Modified Circular Taylor Patterns: Ring Side Lobes of Individually Arbitrary Heights. 6.5 Modified Circular Taylor Patterns: Undulating Ring Side Lobes. 6.6 Sampling Generalized Taylor Distributions: Rectangular Grid Arrays. 6.7 Sampling Generalized Taylor Distributions: Circular Grid Arrays. 6.8 An Improved Discretizing Technique for Circular Grid Arrays. 6.9 Rectangular Grid Arrays with Rectangular Boundaries: Nonseparable Tseng-Cheng Distributions. 6.10 A Discretizing Technique for Rectangular Grid Arrays. 6.11 Circular Bayliss Patterns. 6.12 Modified Circular Bayliss Patterns. 6.13 The Discretizing Technique Applied to Planar Arrays Excited to Give a Difference Pattern. 6.14 Comparative Performance of Separable and Nonseparable Excitations for Planar Apertures. 6.15 Fourier Integral Representation of the Far Field. III SELF-IMPEDANCE AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCE, FEEDING STRUCTURES. 7 Self-Impedance and Mutual Impedance of Antenna Elements. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Current Distribution on an Antenna: General Formulation. 7.3 The Cylindrical Dipole: Arbitrary Cross Section. 7.4 The Cylindrical Dipole: Circular Cross Section, Hallen's Formulation. 7.5 The Method of Moments. 7.6 Solution of Hallen's Integral Equation: Pulse Functions. 7.7 Solution of Halle'n's Integral Equation: Sinusoidal Basis Functions. 7.8 Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Cylindrical Dipoles: Induced EMF Method. 7.9 Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Cylindrical Dipoles: Storer's Variational Solution. 7.10 Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Cylindrical Dipoles: Zeroth and First Order Solutions to Hallen's Integral Equation. 7.11 Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Cylindrical Dipoles: King-Middleton Second-Order Solution. 7.12 Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Strip Dipoles. 7.13 The Derivation of a Formula for the Mutual Impedance Between Slender Dipoles. 7.14 The Exact Field of a Dipole: Sinusoidal Current Distribution. 7.15 Computation of the Mutual Impedance Between Slender Dipoles. 7.16 The Self-Admittance of Center-Fed Slots in a Large Ground Plane: Booker's Relation. 7.17 Arrays of Center-Fed Slots in a Large Ground Plane: Self-Admittance and Mutual Admittance. 7.18 The Self-Impedance of a Patch Antenna. 8 The Design of Feeding Structures for Antenna Elements and Arrays. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Design of a Coaxially Fed Monopole with Large Ground Plane. 8.3 Design of a Balun-Fed Dipole Above a Large Ground Plane. 8.4 Two-Wire-Fed Slots: Open and Cavity-Backed. 8.5 Coaxially Fed Helix Plus Ground Plane. 8.6 The Design of an Endfire Dipole Array. 8.7 Yagi-Uda Type Dipole Arrays: Two Elements. 8.8 Yagi-Uda Type Dipole Arrays: Three or More Elements. 8.9 Frequency-Independent Antennas: Log-Periodic Arrays. 8.10 Ground Plane Backed Linear Dipole Arrays. 8.11 Ground Plane Backed Planar Dipole Arrays. 8.12 The Design of a Scanning Array. 8.13 The Design of Waveguide-Fed Slot Arrays: The Concept of Active Slot Admittance (Impedance). 8.14 Arrays of Longitudinal Shunt Slots in a Broad Wall of Rectangular Waveguides: The Basic Design Equations. 8.15 The Design of Linear Waveguide-Fed Slot Arrays. 8.16 The Design of Planar Waveguide-Fed Slot Arrays. 8.17 Sum and Difference Patterns for Waveguide-Fed Slot Arrays Mutual Coupling Included. IV CONTINUOUS APERTURE ANTENNAS. 9 Traveling Wave Antennas. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The Long Wire Antenna. 9.3 Rhombic and Vee-Antennas. 9.4 Dielectric-Clad Planar Conductors. 9.5 Corrugated Planar Conductors. 9.6 Surface Wave Excitation. 9.7 Surface Wave Antennas. 9.8 Fast Wave Antennas. 9.9 Trough Waveguide Antennas. 9.10 Traveling Wave Arrays of Quasi-Resonant Discretely Spaced Slots [Main Beam at theta0= arccos(beta/k)]. 9.11 Traveling Wave Arrays of Quasi-Resonant Discretely Spaced Slots (Main Beam Near Broadside). 9.12 Frequency Scanned Arrays. 10 Reflectors and Lenses. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Geometrical Optics: The Eikonal Equation. 10.3 Simple Reflectors. 10.4 Aperture Blockage. 10.5 The Design of a Shaped Cylindrical Reflector. 10.6 The Design of a Doubly Curved Reflector. 10.7 Radiation Patterns of Reflector Antennas: The Aperture Field Method. 10.8 Radiation Patterns of Reflector Antennas: The Current Distribution Method. 10.9 Dual Shaped Reflector Systems. 10.10 Single Surface Dielectric Lenses. 10.11 Stepped Lenses. 10.12 Surface Mismatch, Frequency Sensitivity, and Dielectric Loss for Lens Antennas. 10.13 The Far Field of a Dielectric Lens Antenna. 10.14 The Design of a Shaped Cylindrical Lens. 10.15 Artificial Dielectrics: Discs and Strips. 10.16 Artificial Dielectrics: Metal Plate (Constrained) Lenses. 10.17 The Luneburg Lens. APPENDICES. A. Reduction of the Vector Green's Formula for E. B. The Wave Equations for A and D. C. Derivation of the Chebyshev Polynomials. D. A General Expansion of cosm v. E. Approximation to the Magnetic Vector Potential Function for Slender Dipoles. F. Diffraction by Plane Conducting Screens: Babinet's Principle. G. The Far-Field in Cylindrical Coordinates. H. The Utility of a Csc2 theta Pattern. Index.
1,023 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a directional modulation (DM) technique using a phased array to produce the modulation is presented, where the desired amplitude and phase of each symbol in a digital modulation scheme can be produced in a given direction with data rates determined by the switching speed of the phase shifters.
Abstract: A directional modulation (DM) technique using a phased array to produce the modulation is presented. By phase shifting each element correctly, the desired amplitude and phase of each symbol in a digital modulation scheme can be produced in a given direction with data rates determined by the switching speed of the phase shifters. Because this signal is direction-dependent, the technique offers security, as the signal can be purposely distorted in other directions. DM also enables an array to send independent data in multiple directions. When using an array with driven elements, the phase shifts can be determined from simple calculations rather than time-consuming simulations or measurements. Mathematical analysis and experimental results are presented.
383 citations