Q2. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Strategic planning research: toward a theory- driven agenda" ?
This review incorporates strategic planning research conducted over more than 30 years and ranges from the classical model of strategic planning to recent empirical work on intermediate outcomes, such as the reduction of managers ’ position bias and the coordination of subunit activity. To stimulate a resurgence of research interest on strategic planning, this review therefore draws on a diverse body of theory beyond the rational design and contingency approaches that characterized research in this domain until the mid-1990s.
Q3. What are the advantages of rational models of planning?
The practical advantages of rational models of planning lie in clear, comprehensible, and systematic approaches to formulating strategy.
Q4. What are the weaknesses of managers in planning?
Cognitive bias and information-processing limits of managers are identified as other sources of vulnerabilities that can negatively influence the effectiveness of planning systems (Barnes, 1984; hogarth & Makridakis, 1981).
Q5. What is the main reason for using a broader range of theory in planning research?
employing a broader range of theory will lead to more connections between the phenomena of strategic planning and constructs representing its origins and antecedents, its constituent parts, its outcomes, and the contexts in which these occur, leading to a richer and more coherent understanding of strategic planning.
Q6. What was the impact of Mintzberg’s discourse on the fallacies of strategic?
After Mintzberg’s discourse on the fallacies of strategic planning, a reorientation in research took place, bringing new perspectives and assumptions and launching a new era.
Q7. What is the role of descriptive studies in business planning?
Since business contexts have changed and modern organizations are faced with new challenges, descriptive studies play an important role by exploring how specific types of contemporary organizations plan.
Q8. What does Shaw et al. say about the effectiveness of strategic plans?
Shaw et al. (1998) emphasize that packaging strategy into narratives and telling stories rather than listing bullet points increases the efficiency of strategic plans.
Q9. What did the authors do to keep the review focused on formal strategic planning processes?
To keep the review focused on formal strategic planning processes as a distinct form of strategy formulation, however, the authors deliberately excluded more general terms, such as strategic decision making and strategy formation, and very specific planning tools, such as scenario planning, in the keyword search.
Q10. What is the main focus of the research on strategic planning?
In sum, strategic planning research between 1980 and the early 1990s seems dominated by the evaluation of the effects of strategic planning on distal organizational outcomes, mostly measures of organizational performance, and questions of how to design strategic planning systems given specific environmental and/or organizational contingencies.
Q11. What does Ketokivi and Castaer describe as a periodic process?
Ketokivi and Castañer (2004) describe strategic planning as a periodic process that includes activities such as annual assessment of performance goals, budgeting, and translating priorities into resource allocation decisions.
Q12. What is the main reason why the lack of theory is so important in the discussion of future research?
In part because theory has been absent in too much of strategic planning research historically, and in part because there is so much potential in this domain, the use and development of theory becomes an overarching theme in their critique and discussion of future research.
Q13. What year did the authors extend the search for articles to the academic journals?
For the academic journals, however, the authors extended the search for articles back to 1980 in order to complement the information in previously published planning reviews and to gain a historical perspective for the current review.