Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects
TL;DR: It is suggested that it is the responsibility of research methods teachers to ensure that this or a comparable model for ensuring trustworthiness is followed by students undertaking a qualitative inquiry.
Abstract: Although many critics are reluctant to accept the trustworthiness of qualitative research, frameworks for ensuring rigour in this form of work have been in existence for many years. Guba’s constructs, in particular, have won considerable favour and form the focus of this paper. Here researchers seek to satisfy four criteria. In addressing credibility, investigators attempt to demonstrate that a true picture of the phenomenon under scrutiny is being presented. To allow transferability, they provide sufficient detail of the context of the fieldwork for a reader to be able to decide whether the prevailing environment is similar to another situation with which he or she is familiar and whether the findings can justifiably be applied to the other setting. The meeting of the dependability criterion is difficult in qualitative work, although researchers should at least strive to enable a future investigator to repeat the study. Finally, to achieve confirmability, researchers must take steps to demonstrate that findings emerge from the data and not their own predispositions. The paper concludes by suggesting that it is the responsibility of research methods teachers to ensure that this or a comparable model for ensuring trustworthiness is followed by students undertaking a qualitative inquiry.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a set of reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles, but full text can be found on the Internet Archive.
Abstract: This publication contains reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles.
1,392 citations
TL;DR: Rigorous development of a qualitative semi-structured interview guide contributes to the objectivity and trustworthiness of studies and makes the results more plausible.
Abstract: Aim: To produce a framework for the development of a qualitative semi-structured interview
guide.
Background: Rigorous data collection procedures fundamentally influence the results of
studies. The semi-structured interview is a common data collection method, but
methodological research on the development of a semi-structured interview guide is sparse.
Design: Systematic methodological review.
Data Sources: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science for
methodological papers on semi-structured interview guides from October 2004 - September
2014. Having examined 2,703 titles and abstracts and 21 full texts, we finally selected ten
papers.
Review methods: We analysed the data using the qualitative content analysis method.
Results: Our analysis resulted in new synthesized knowledge on the development of a semistructured
interview guide, including five phases: 1) identifying the prerequisites for using
semi-structured interviews; 2) retrieving and using previous knowledge; 3) formulating the preliminary semi-structured interview guide; 4) pilot testing the guide; and 5) presenting the
complete semi-structured interview guide.
Conclusion: Rigorous development of a qualitative semi-structured interview guide
contributes to the objectivity and trustworthiness of studies and makes the results more
plausible. Researchers should consider using this five-step process to develop a semistructured
interview guide and justify the decisions made during it.
1,161 citations
Cites background from "Strategies for ensuring trustworthi..."
...(Shenton 2004.)...
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...Dependability refers to repeating the study in the same conditions (Shenton 2004)....
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...Credibility refers to accurate recording of the phenomena under scrutiny (Shenton 2004)....
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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a method to find the minimum number of neurons required for each node in a neural network, which is called Jeteraps, which can be found at the following link http://jeteraps.scholarlinkresearch.com/abstractview.php?id=19.
Abstract: Full text can be found at the following link http://jeteraps.scholarlinkresearch.com/abstractview.php?id=19.
1,005 citations
Cites background or result from "Strategies for ensuring trustworthi..."
...Shenton (2004) argued that ―without this insight [thick description], it is difficult for the reader of the final account to determine the extent to which the overall findings ―ring true‖(p. 69)....
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...These findings are in line with the work of Shenton (2004) and Tobin and Begley (2004), who reported that the debate has not yet finished as opponents of the qualitative approach continue to disbelieve the trustworthiness of the criteria for assessing the authenticity of the findings of qualitative…...
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...Shenton (2004) tasked qualitative research methodology instructors to ensure that researchers ―contemplating undertaking qualitative research are not only aware of the criticisms typically made by its detractors but they are also cognizant of the provisions which can be made to address matters such…...
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TL;DR: The similarities and differences in grounded theory and qualitative content analysis have not been clarified in the literature (Priest, Roberts, & Woods, 2002), nor have they been consistently considered.
Abstract: Introduction Using an appropriate research method for inquiry is critical to successful research. Grounded theory and qualitative content analysis share similarities. Both are based on naturalistic inquiry that entails identifying themes and patterns and involves rigorous coding. They are both used to analyze and interpret qualitative data; however, the similarities and differences in grounded theory and qualitative content analysis have not been clarified in the literature (Priest, Roberts, & Woods, 2002), nor have they been consistently considered. To illustrate, both have been considered equivalent approaches to interpret qualitative data (e.g., Priest et al., 2002). Grounded theory was treated as a research methodology, and content analysis as a method (e.g., Crotty, 2003); furthermore, grounded theory was considered a theoretical framework and content analysis a research method of textual data analysis (e.g., Patton, 2002). Qualitative content analysis was considered a strategy for the analysis of qualitative descriptive studies (Sandelowski, 2000) and a technique with overtones of other research methods, such as ethnographic and grounded theory (Altheide, 1987). Qualitative content analysis was unknown as a research method until recently, especially in English-speaking countries, because of the dominance of quantitative content analysis (Schreier, 2012). Moreover, a researcher's approach purportedly following grounded theory actually seems closer to qualitative content analysis or other methods (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2003; Suddaby, 2006). Sandelowski and Barroso (2003) cited the discrepancy between "method claims and the actual use of methods" (p. 905) in research papers. Novice researchers, especially students who want to conduct qualitative research, are often confused by the characteristics of the two as result of the lack of comparative references. Some researchers who stated they had used grounded theory actually used qualitative content analysis, which incorporates some procedures of grounded theory, such as open coding or memoing (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2003). Thus, the purpose of this paper is to clarify ambiguities about the characteristics of grounded theory and qualitative content analysis. Using our own research as examples, we have discussed the similarities and differences in the two in the following six areas: a) background and philosophical basis, b) unique characteristics of each method, c) goals and rationale of each method, d) data analysis process, e) outcomes of the research, and f) evaluation of trustworthiness of research. We have also discussed the strengths and weaknesses of each. Through this paper, we expect to provide knowledge that can assist novice researchers in the selection of appropriate research methods for their inquiries. Background and Philosophical Basis Grounded Theory The term grounded theory was introduced in The Discovery of Grounded Theory (1967) by Glaser and Strauss as "the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research" (p. 1). Instead of verification of theories, they introduced a research method to arrive at a "theory suited to its supposed uses" contrasting with a "theory generated by logical deduction from a priori assumptions" (p. 3). According to Strauss and Corbin (1994) it is "a general methodology, a way of thinking about and conceptualizing data" (p. 275). The Grounded Theory Institute, run by Glaser, one of the founders of grounded theory, defined it as follows: Grounded Theory is an inductive methodology. Although many call Grounded Theory a qualitative method, it is not. It is a general method. It is the systematic generation of theory from systematic research. It is a set of rigorous research procedures leading to the emergence of conceptual categories. …
953 citations
Cites methods from "Strategies for ensuring trustworthi..."
...Ji Young Cho and Eun-Hee Lee 15 To facilitate transferability, researchers provide “background data to establish [the] context of [the] study and detailed description of [the] phenomenon in question to allow comparisons to be made” (Shenton, 2004, p. 73)....
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References
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Book•
01 Oct 1984
TL;DR: In this article, buku ini mencakup lebih dari 50 studi kasus, memberikan perhatian untuk analisis kuantitatif, membahas lebah lengkap penggunaan desain metode campuran penelitian, and termasuk wawasan metodologi baru.
Abstract: Buku ini menyediakan sebuah portal lengkap untuk dunia penelitian studi kasus, buku ini menawarkan cakupan yang luas dari desain dan penggunaan metode studi kasus sebagai alat penelitian yang valid. Dalam buku ini mencakup lebih dari 50 studi kasus, memberikan perhatian untuk analisis kuantitatif, membahas lebih lengkap penggunaan desain metode campuran penelitian, dan termasuk wawasan metodologi baru.
78,012 citations
Book•
12 Jan 1994
TL;DR: This book presents a step-by-step guide to making the research results presented in reports, slideshows, posters, and data visualizations more interesting, and describes how coding initiates qualitative data analysis.
Abstract: Matthew B. Miles, Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook, Third Edition. The Third Edition of Miles & Huberman's classic research methods text is updated and streamlined by Johnny Saldana, author of The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Several of the data display strategies from previous editions are now presented in re-envisioned and reorganized formats to enhance reader accessibility and comprehension. The Third Edition's presentation of the fundamentals of research design and data management is followed by five distinct methods of analysis: exploring, describing, ordering, explaining, and predicting. Miles and Huberman's original research studies are profiled and accompanied with new examples from Saldana's recent qualitative work. The book's most celebrated chapter, "Drawing and Verifying Conclusions," is retained and revised, and the chapter on report writing has been greatly expanded, and is now called "Writing About Qualitative Research." Comprehensive and authoritative, Qualitative Data Analysis has been elegantly revised for a new generation of qualitative researchers. Johnny Saldana, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, Second Edition. The Second Edition of Johnny Saldana's international bestseller provides an in-depth guide to the multiple approaches available for coding qualitative data. Fully up-to-date, it includes new chapters, more coding techniques and an additional glossary. Clear, practical and authoritative, the book: describes how coding initiates qualitative data analysis; demonstrates the writing of analytic memos; discusses available analytic software; suggests how best to use the book for particular studies. In total, 32 coding methods are profiled that can be applied to a range of research genres from grounded theory to phenomenology to narrative inquiry. For each approach, Saldana discusses the method's origins, a description of the method, practical applications, and a clearly illustrated example with analytic follow-up. A unique and invaluable reference for students, teachers, and practitioners of qualitative inquiry, this book is essential reading across the social sciences. Stephanie D. H. Evergreen, Presenting Data Effectively Communicating Your Findings for Maximum Impact. This is a step-by-step guide to making the research results presented in reports, slideshows, posters, and data visualizations more interesting. Written in an easy, accessible manner, Presenting Data Effectively provides guiding principles for designing data presentations so that they are more likely to be heard, remembered, and used. The guidance in the book stems from the author's extensive study of research reporting, a solid review of the literature in graphic design and related fields, and the input of a panel of graphic design experts. Those concepts are then translated into language relevant to students, researchers, evaluators, and non-profit workers - anyone in a position to have to report on data to an outside audience. The book guides the reader through design choices related to four primary areas: graphics, type, color, and arrangement. As a result, readers can present data more effectively, with the clarity and professionalism that best represents their work.
41,986 citations
"Strategies for ensuring trustworthi..." refers methods in this paper
...This strategy has been employed by Pitts [34] and is recommended by Brewer and Hunter [35] and Miles and Huberman [36]....
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...Miles and Huberman consider that a key criterion for confirmability is the extent to which the researcher admits his or her own predispositions [65]....
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...An alternative approach and one that provides greater transparency lies in drawing attention, within the final research report, to the discrepancies and offering possible explanations; g) negative case analysis, as recommended by commentators such as Lincoln and Guba [25], Miles and Huberman [26] and Silverman [27]....
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TL;DR: The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications as mentioned in this paper, and Qualitative Interviewing: Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis and interpretation.
Abstract: PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN THE USE OF QUALITATIVE METHODS The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Strategic Themes in Qualitative Methods Variety in Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications PART TWO: QUALITATIVE DESIGNS AND DATA COLLECTION Designing Qualitative Studies Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods Qualitative Interviewing PART THREE: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND REPORTING Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis
31,305 citations
"Strategies for ensuring trustworthi..." refers background in this paper
...Alkin, Daillak and White go so far as to suggest that a scrutineer’s trust in the researcher is of equal importance to the adequacy of the procedures themselves [30]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications as mentioned in this paper, and Qualitative Interviewing: Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis and interpretation.
22,714 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the design of qualitative research, how to collect data, and how to deal with Validity, Reliability and Ethics in case studies.
Abstract: THE DESIGN OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1 What is Qualitative Research? 2 Case Studies as Qualtitative Research 3 Designing the Study and Selecting a Sample COLLECTING QUALITATIVE DATA 4 Conducting Effective Interviews 5 Being a Careful Observer 6 Mining Data from Documents 7 Collecting Data in Case Studies ANALYZING AND REPORTING QUALITATIVE DATA 8 Analytic Techniques and Data Management 9 Levels of Analysis 10 Dealing with Validity, Reliability and Ethics 11 Writing Reports and Case Studies
18,670 citations
"Strategies for ensuring trustworthi..." refers background in this paper
...credibility, deals with the question, “How congruent are the findings with reality?” [6] Lincoln and Guba argue that ensuring credibility is one of most important...
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