Streaming instabilities in protoplanetary disks
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...…P modulations can slow or trap drifting solids (Whipple 1972; Pinilla et al. 2012a), perhaps concentrating them enough to trigger gravitational and/or streaming instabilities that rapidly convert pebbles to planetesimals (e.g., Youdin & Shu 2002; Youdin & Goodman 2005; Johansen et al. 2009)....
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...In dead zones where the MRI does not operate, streaming instabilities can destabilize the relative motion between gas and particles (Youdin & Goodman 2005; Johansen & Youdin 2007; Bai & Stone 2010) and lead to the formation of dense filaments....
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...The turbulence generated by the streaming instability (Youdin & Goodman 2005) self-regulates the particle midplane density to equal the gas density, independent of particle size....
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741 citations
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...Moreover, the flow of the gas and the dust can be unstable to the streaming instablity (Youdin & Goodman 2005) which leads to particle clumping, and possibly also to a gravitational collapse of the dust....
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References
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"Streaming instabilities in protopla..." refers background in this paper
...However, the first generation of planetesimals likely formedwithin the gasrich disks are observed to persist for several million years around low-mass stars (Haisch et al. 2001)....
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1,051 citations
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...The hypothesis that planetesimals form by gravitational collapse of solids that settle onto the disk midplane (Goldreich & Ward 1973; YS02) remains controversial because it is uncertain whether protoplanetary disks are ever suitably quiescent or metalrich enough to allow gravitational instabilities…...
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977 citations
"Streaming instabilities in protopla..." refers background in this paper
...Howard (1961) found that one-dimensional modes, /exp (st i!< þ ikxx), have a wave speed that lies between the minimum andmaximum speeds in the shearing flow,Vmin < !...
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