Stress hormones: Their interaction and regulation.
04 May 1984-Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)-Vol. 224, Iss: 4648, pp 452-459
TL;DR: Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.
Abstract: Stress stimulates several adaptive hormonal responses. Prominent among these responses are the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, and adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary. A number of complex interactions are involved in the regulation of these hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate catecholamine biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla and catecholamines stimulate adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary. In addition, other hormones, including corticotropin-releasing factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin stimulate while the corticosteroids and somatostatin inhibit adrenocorticotropin secretion. Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.
Citations
More filters
01 Nov 2000
TL;DR: From Neurons to Neighborhoods as discussed by the authors presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how children learn to learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior, and examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.
Abstract: How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.
5,295 citations
TL;DR: Stress, through the action of corticosteroids, may reduce immunocompetence by influencing lymphocyte numbers and antibody-production capacity, and affect reproduction by altering levels and patterns of reproductive hormones that influence maturation.
1,995 citations
TL;DR: OXT and AVP are emerging as targets for novel treatment approaches — particularly in synergistic combination with psychotherapy — for mental disorders characterized by social dysfunction, such as autism, social anxiety disorder, borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia.
Abstract: The neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are evolutionarily highly conserved mediators in the regulation of complex social cognition and behaviour. Recent studies have investigated the effects of OXT and AVP on human social interaction, the genetic mechanisms of inter-individual variation in social neuropeptide signalling and the actions of OXT and AVP in the human brain as revealed by neuroimaging. These data have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms by which these neuropeptides contribute to human social behaviour. OXT and AVP are emerging as targets for novel treatment approaches — particularly in synergistic combination with psychotherapy — for mental disorders characterized by social dysfunction, such as autism, social anxiety disorder, borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia.
1,436 citations
Cites result from "Stress hormones: Their interaction ..."
...Animal experiments have shown that, in contrast to the stress-reducing effects of OXT, AVP promotes the secretion of ACT...
[...]
TL;DR: The cerebral distribution of CRF and binding sites for CRF is described in detail in the second part of this report, which aims to establish a baseline for the distribution of these sites in the brain.
1,356 citations
TL;DR: Field work reveals that changes in responsiveness to LPFs have ecological bases, such as reproductive state, body condition etc., that in turn indicate different hormonal control mechanisms in the HPA cascade.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. Superimposed upon seasonal changes in morphology, physiology and behavior, are facultative responses to unpredictable events known as labile ( i.e. , short-lived) perturbation factors (LPFs). These responses include behavioral and physiological changes that enhance survival and collectively make up the “emergency” life history stage. There is considerable evidence that glucocorticosteroids, and other hormones in the hypothalamo—pituitary—adrenal (HPA) cascade, initiate and orchestrate the emergency life history stage within minutes to hours. This stage has a number of sub—stages that promote survival and avoid potential deleterious effects of stress that may result from chronically elevated levels of circulating glucocorticosteroids over days and weeks. These sub—stages may include: redirection of behavior from a normal life history stage to increased foraging, irruptivetype migration during the day, enhanced restfulness at night, and elevated gluconeogenesis. Once the perturbation passes, glucocorticosteroids may also promote recovery. Additional evidence from birds indicates that glucocorticosteroid responses to a standardized capture, handling and restraint protocol are modulated both on seasonal and individual levels. Field work reveals that these changes in responsiveness to LPFs have ecological bases, such as reproductive state, body condition etc., that in turn indicate different hormonal control mechanisms in the HPA cascade.
1,269 citations
Cites background from "Stress hormones: Their interaction ..."
...Although they orchestrate many of the physiological, morphological and behavioral responses to stress, other hormones are also involved (e.g., Axelrod and Reisine, 1984; Munck et al, 1984; Johnson et al, 1992)....
[...]
...These effects (Table 2) include total failure of reproductive function, increased susceptibility to disease owing to suppression of the immune system, neuronal cell death (particularly in the hippocampus), severe protein loss (for gluconeogenesis), disruption of the arachidonic acid cascade, and inhibition of growth and metamorphosis (e.g., Axelrod and Reisine, 1984; Munck et al, 1984; Johnson et al., 1992; Sapolsky 1987, 1996)....
[...]
...Most of us interpret "emergency" responses of animals as the "fight-or-flight" response—the massive release of catecholamines by adrenal medullary cells (chromaffin) that increase heart rate, mobilize glucose, etc., within seconds (e.g., Axelrod and Reisine, 1984; Sapolsky, 1987; Johnson et al., 1992)....
[...]
References
More filters
TL;DR: A peptide with high potency and intrinsic activity for stimulating the secretion of corticotropin-like and β-endorphinlike immunoactivities by cultured anterior pituitary cells has been purified in this paper.
Abstract: A peptide with high potency and intrinsic activity for stimulating the secretion of corticotropin-like and β-endorphin-like immunoactivities by cultured anterior pituitary cells has been purified f...
4,335 citations
TL;DR: If the organism is severely damaged by acute non-specific nocuous agents such as exposure to cold, surgical injury, production of spinal shock, excessive muscular exercise, or intoxications with sublethal doses of diverse drugs, a typical syndrome appears, the symptoms of which are independent of the nature of the damaging agent or the pharmacological type of the drug employed.
Abstract: EXPERIMENTS on rats show that if the organism is severely damaged by acute non-specific nocuous agents such as exposure to cold, surgical injury, production of spinal shock (transcision of the cord), excessive muscular exercise, or intoxications with sublethal doses of diverse drugs (adrenaline, atropine, morphine, formaldehyde, etc.), a typical syndrome appears, the symptoms of which are independent of the nature of the damaging agent or the pharmacological type of the drug employed, and represent rather a response to damage as such.
3,667 citations
TL;DR: Modification of the original single isotope radioenzymatic assay of Passon and Peuler permits the direct and simultaneous analysis of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine in plasma samples of 50 μl or less.
2,028 citations
1,497 citations
1,406 citations