Stress Management Practices in Plants by Microbes
01 Jan 2016-pp 85-99
TL;DR: In this chapter, an effort has been made to impart the knowledge about the abiotic and biotic stress factors, their management in an efficient and novel way.
Abstract: Plants are constantly subjected to biotic and abiotic stress factors, from their planting time up to the harvesting, transport, storage and consumption of plant products. These stresses exert deleterious harmful effects on crop health as well as cause huge losses to their production worldwide. To combat these stress factors, researchers all around the globe are involved in procuring management practices ranging from traditional genetics and breeding techniques to present day available novel biotechnological tools. Use of microorganisms is one such method by which both abiotic and biotic stress can be tackled in an economical, ecofriendly and successful manner. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the bacteria living in rhizosphere region and promoting plant growth and suppressing stress components as well. Different microorganisms acquire different mechanisms to fight with these plant stresses. In this chapter, an effort has been made to impart the knowledge about the abiotic and biotic stress factors, their management in an efficient and novel way.
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01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: The causes of the abiotic stresses affecting world food crops, their effects and possible stress coping strategies to promote global food sufficiency are focused on.
Abstract: Crop stress has been identified as one of the problems that threaten global food security. Crop stress is an injurious deviation from the normal physiological processes that result into a decline in crop yields. It could be due to biotic factors (biotic stress, i.e. insect pests and disease pathogens) or abiotic factors (abiotic stress, i.e. drought, flooding, radiation and nutrient deficiencies). Agricultural crops normally undergo series of physiological processes (photosynthesis, respiration, stomatal functions and nutrition) during developmental stages of their life cycles that are sensitive to environmental conditions. The stressed environmental impact on the crops during growth and development leads to biochemical and morphological modifications in plant species. This chapter details the predominantly occurring abiotic stresses of crops that are directly or indirectly associated with the disruption of the normal growth and developmental processes in crops. The effects of abiotic stress in plants range from the qualitative and quantitative changes in the synthesis of type of proteins in crops to the disruption of the flower bud formation and pollination process in plant, as well as impaired nutrient uptake resulting in poor crop yields. About 51–82% crop yield in world agriculture is lost annually due to abiotic stress. The mechanisms of the four principal abiotic stresses (temperature, water, radiation, nutrients, etc.) are presented in the chapter. An understanding of the mechanisms of abiotic stress in agricultural crops could help farmers to optimize the crop productivity under the changing climate. This chapter therefore focuses on causes of the abiotic stresses affecting world food crops, their effects and possible stress coping strategies to promote global food sufficiency.
21 citations
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the plant-specific microbiome that may provide effective and sustainable increase crop production under both biotic and abiotic stress conditions and will ultimately lead to food and nutrient security around the world.
Abstract: Plants are always subjected to face environmental stress factors such as biotic and abiotic stress from seed sowing to plant harvesting. These factors affect plants and cause severe losses in agriculture production around the world. Moreover, vigorous use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides in shrinking farmland presents additional risk, which causes detrimental effects on the environment and ultimately on human health. To overcome these problems, researchers are involved to use plant-specific microbiome, which can provide tolerance to the plants under both biotic and abiotic stress conditions and can solve the problem of lower agriculture production. In fact, application of plant-specific microbiome as an inoculant in agriculture fields presents alternative strategies, which will enhance future agriculture production around the world. On the other hand the demand of agriculture production for food and nutrient security with a growing global population is also causing pressure of how the use of microbiome can enhance crop yield and reduce losses due to environmental stresses. In this chapter, we highlight the plant-specific microbiome that may provide effective and sustainable increase crop production under both biotic and abiotic stress conditions and will ultimately lead to food and nutrient security around the world.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated how exposure of Lonicera japonica to different levels of Cd affected plant growth, metabolic pathways, and endophyte community structure and function.
1 citations
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: Details are revealed of the sources, impact on living beings, causes of toxicity, possible remedies, the role of PGPR in the alleviation of metal toxicity and their role in plant growth promotion, and the mechanisms involved to confront such metals.
Abstract: Due to the increased industrialization, use of agrochemicals and various anthropogenic activities, heavy metal contamination is spreading rapidly, which is responsible for serious threats for crop production. In this context, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-mediated bioremediation is an ecofriendly, inexpensive, and sustainable approach toward the effective reclamation of metal-contaminated agricultural field. PGPR are naturally dwelling microflora that colonizes around the plant roots to fulfill their nutritional requirement acquired from the root exudates. This consortium results in a mutualistic benefit for both PGPR and plants by an effective plant-microbe interaction. Three major heavy metals viz., Cd, Cr, Pb, and one metalloid viz., As have been focused on in this chapter revealing their sources, impact on living beings, causes of toxicity, possible remedies, the role of PGPR in the alleviation of metal toxicity and their role in plant growth promotion, and the mechanisms involved to confront such metals.
1 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The application of microorganisms is considered to be economically feasible in agricultural practices and moreover eco-friendly because of its natural origin A wide range of micro organisms are already in field applications as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) They are of rhizosphere origin involved in plant growth promotion and recent reports reveal its application in alleviating plant associated stress, whether it is abiotic or biotic.
Abstract: The application of microorganisms is considered to be economically feasible in agricultural practices and moreover eco-friendly because of its natural origin A wide range of microorganisms are already in field applications as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) They are of rhizosphere origin involved in plant growth promotion and recent reports reveal its application in alleviating plant associated stress, whether it is abiotic or biotic The diversity of these organisms is huge and even mechanisms employed to mitigate the plant stress are also different and are specific to individual strains In this chapter, abiotic stress with special reference to high salt concentrations and drought is discussed Along with these agriculture is facing another peculiar problem of plastic pollution The recent decade has witnessed incessant and indiscriminate use of plastics and now the microplastics are distributed everywhere and have become an inseparable component of the agricultural practices This chapter hence intends to provide information on the present status of plastic pollution and the role of soil microflora in degrading plastics in agricultural fields
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01 Jul 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, a special report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) has been jointly coordinated by Working Groups I (WGI) and II (WGII) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Abstract: This Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) has been jointly coordinated by Working Groups I (WGI) and II (WGII) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The report focuses on the relationship between climate change and extreme weather and climate events, the impacts of such events, and the strategies to manage the associated risks. This Special Report, in particular, contributes to frame the challenge of dealing with extreme weather and climate events as an issue in decision making under uncertainty, analyzing response in the context of risk management. The report consists of nine chapters, covering risk management; observed and projected changes in extreme weather and climate events; exposure and vulnerability to as well as losses resulting from such events; adaptation options from the local to the international scale; the role of sustainable development in modulating risks; and insights from specific case studies. (LN)
4,126 citations
TL;DR: An analysis of major U.S. crops shows that there is a large genetic potential for yield that is unrealized because of the need for better adaptation of the plants to the environments in which they are grown.
Abstract: An analysis of major U.S. crops shows that there is a large genetic potential for yield that is unrealized because of the need for better adaptation of the plants to the environments in which they are grown. Evidence from native populations suggests that high productivity can occur in these environments and that opportunities for improving production in unfavorable environments are substantial. Genotypic selection for adaptation to such environments has already played an important role in agriculture, but the fundamental mechanisms are poorly understood. Recent scientific advances make exploration of these mechanisms more feasible and could result in large gains in productivity.
3,715 citations
TL;DR: The effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants, and the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis are reviewed.
Abstract: Scarcity of water is a severe environmental constraint to plant productivity. Drought-induced loss in crop yield probably exceeds losses from all other causes, since both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. Here, we have reviewed the effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants. This article also describes the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis. Various management strategies have been proposed to cope with drought stress. Drought stress reduces leaf size, stem extension and root proliferation, disturbs plant water relations and reduces water-use efficiency. Plants display a variety of physiological and biochemical responses at cellular and whole-organism levels towards prevailing drought stress, thus making it a complex phenomenon. CO2 assimilation by leaves is reduced mainly by stomatal closure, membrane damage and disturbed activity of various enzymes, especially those of CO2 fixation and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Enhanced metabolite flux through the photorespiratory pathway increases the oxidative load on the tissues as both processes generate reactive oxygen species. Injury caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth. Plants display a range of mechanisms to withstand drought stress. The major mechanisms include curtailed water loss by increased diffusive resistance, enhanced water uptake with prolific and deep root systems and its efficient use, and smaller and succulent leaves to reduce the transpirational loss. Among the nutrients, potassium ions help in osmotic adjustment; silicon increases root endodermal silicification and improves the cell water balance. Low-molecular-weight osmolytes, including glycinebetaine, proline and other amino acids, organic acids, and polyols, are crucial to sustain cellular functions under drought. Plant growth substances such as salicylic acid, auxins, gibberrellins, cytokinin and abscisic acid modulate the plant responses towards drought. Polyamines, citrulline and several enzymes act as antioxidants and reduce the adverse effects of water deficit. At molecular levels several drought-responsive genes and transcription factors have been identified, such as the dehydration-responsive element-binding gene, aquaporin, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and dehydrins. Plant drought tolerance can be managed by adopting strategies such as mass screening and breeding, marker-assisted selection and exogenous application of hormones and osmoprotectants to seed or growing plants, as well as engineering for drought resistance.
3,488 citations