Stroke-induced immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous bacterial infections and is mediated by sympathetic activation reversal by poststroke T helper cell type 1-like immunostimulation.
Citations
2,125 citations
Cites background from "Stroke-induced immunodeficiency pro..."
...A brain-mediated immunodepressive state contributes to post-stroke infection [450, 451]....
[...]
1,949 citations
Cites background from "Stroke-induced immunodeficiency pro..."
..., and steroid antagonists and the b-adrenergic receptor antagonist propanolol counteract lymphocyte apoptosis and infection propensity after stroke in rodent model...
[...]
1,315 citations
Cites background from "Stroke-induced immunodeficiency pro..."
...phase of stroke [90], which results mainly from immunode-...
[...]
888 citations
774 citations
References
3,968 citations
3,146 citations
"Stroke-induced immunodeficiency pro..." refers background in this paper
...Activation of the vagus nerve by inflammatory cytokines during endotoxemia was found to inhibit macrophage cytokine production through release of acetylcholine (24, 25)....
[...]
2,030 citations
"Stroke-induced immunodeficiency pro..." refers background in this paper
...Catecholamines have been shown to suppress Th1 activities and cellular immune responses either directly, inhibiting the IFN- synthesis by Th1 cells, or indirectly, by inhibition of Th1-polarizing cytokines like IL-12 and TNF- produced by antigen-presenting cells (34)....
[...]
...Instead, catecholamines appear to promote Th2 cell differentiation and cytokine production (34), and trigger the secretion of IL-10 (a potent inhibitor of Th1 and monocyte functions) by monocytes (13)....
[...]
1,562 citations
"Stroke-induced immunodeficiency pro..." refers background in this paper
...Because IFN- stimulates the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, whereas IL-4 inhibits phagocytosis, a decreased ratio of IFN- /IL-4 production indicates a compromised antibacterial defense (35)....
[...]
1,246 citations